Milling machines. catalog v/o Stankoimport, USSR, Moscow, 1980 (djvu)

Vertical lathe 1512

On sale you can find a relatively small number of machines that can be used for processing large parts. Among all the models created at the time of the existence of the USSR, we note the 1512 rotary lathe. Its purpose is to process parts of medium and large sizes. Due to its high reliability and practicality in use, this model became the basis for the creation of various modifications and was actively imported to various countries around the world. The technical characteristics of the 1512 rotary lathe determine its applicability in mechanical engineering, shipbuilding or other production. When installing additional equipment, the purpose of the 1512 vertical turning lathe is significantly expanded; it can be used to carry out more than 10 types of processing of workpieces made of various alloys. The scope of application of the model 1512 is very extensive. As a rule, it is installed in the case of medium-scale and piece production of various parts. This is due to the fact that in the case of turning large workpieces, a large layer of material is removed. Even when using a cutting tool made of wear-resistant material, a layer can be removed in one pass, provided that the maximum force should not exceed 35 kN. The main operations that can be carried out on this equipment: Processing of conical and cylindrical surfaces. Performing boring operations. Passing a cutting tool along a flat surface, which is an end. Carrying out work on creating holes and boring them. The model has been produced since 1935 by the Krasnodar Sedina plant. After using this model for a long time, a fairly large number of different modifications appeared, which also became popular.

Classification of lathes

According to the classification of metal-cutting equipment, turning equipment is divided into:

1. Single-spindle and semi-automatic machines
2. Multi-spindle and semi-automatic machines
3. Revolving
4. Drilling and cutting
5. Lobototurny
6. Multi-cutting (screw-cutting)
7. Specialized
8. Various lathes
9. Carousel

Specialized automatic and semi-automatic machines are used for the manufacture of parts that require unique processing; the operation of the machine is partially or fully automated. Semi-automatic machines cannot independently load and unload parts with workpieces; this operation is performed by the operator.

Single-spindle and semi-automatic machines are used for complex processing in large-scale production.

• Multi-spindle and semi-automatic machines. Several workpieces are fixed on the spindle block, after which they are moved one by one to the working position, and they are processed using several tool groups.
• Turret machines are fundamentally special in that they have a rotating head in which everything necessary is fixed, thereby saving processing time.
• Drilling and cutting equipment is designed for synchronous cutting and drilling of volumetric workpieces.

Lathe turning equipment is designed for turning short workpieces of large diameters. It is possible to process workpieces of uneven diameters thanks to independent cams on the faceplate. Quite rarely found in production due to a number of disadvantages, such as low accuracy and productivity.

Screw-cutting lathes are the most recognizable equipment of the turning group. It can be used for turning, drilling, and end processing. Additional functions include thread cutting and cone turning.

Specialized machines are necessary for the manufacture of parts of a narrow range.

Rotary machines are simply irreplaceable when processing large workpieces of short length. Due to their high precision, rotary lathes have almost completely replaced lobot lathes. The horizontal position of the faceplate determines the operating features of the equipment.

Old Soviet models of wood and metal machines

Edge bending machines: types, description, principle of operation
Soviet equipment is still in use in production. Some people fundamentally prefer to equip their home workshops with units from the USSR.

Important!

It is sometimes difficult to find equipment or components for Soviet equipment in case of breakdown.

Screw-cutting lathe IT-1M

The lightweight machine was intended for gaining practice in workshops. Allows you to process cylindrical workpieces from the outside, drill and boring, and cut threads. Currently out of production.

Screw-cutting lathe TV-6

Appeared on the market in the 80s. It is mainly used for training future turners in workshops and training centers. Allows you to perform basic operations.

Characteristics:

• Spindle diameter - 12 mm.
• Spindle speed - 130-170 rpm.
• The distance between centers is 350 mm.
• The maximum processing length is 300 mm.

Lathes Universal 2 and Universal 3

Tabletop machines for the production of small parts. Most turning jobs are possible. The maximum diameter and length of the workpiece is 12.5 cm and 18 cm.

Lathe TSH-3

Performs the function of a sharpening and grinding unit. Suitable for use in home workshop and industrial purposes. In addition to classical turning work, the unit is suitable for finishing grinding of products and sharpening cutting and metalworking tools.

1E61M, 1E61PM, 1E61VM screw-cutting lathes

Refers to special machines that provide higher processing accuracy. All three modifications belong to the turning-screw-cutting group with a height above the centers of 175 mm.

The diameter of the processed rod does not exceed 32 mm. The maximum movement distance of the caliper is 200 mm.

Screw-cutting lathe 1М63Н

Multifunctional unit designed to perform all types of turning operations. This model also allows you to work with conical surfaces and cut multi-start threads.

The letter H in the marking indicates the ability to obtain dimensions of normal accuracy. It is possible to install additional equipment when working with large-sized workpieces.

Turret lathe 1341

The turret group machine allows processing using several tools at the same time. Available operations:

• Treatment of external and internal surfaces.
• Thread cutting.
• Drilling, countersinking, reaming.
• Working with shaped surfaces.

Processing is performed in automatic and semi-automatic mode. It is possible to produce parts from rods and piece blanks.

Screw-cutting lathe 1N65

An improved modification of the 1M65 unit. It is possible to process cylindrical and conical parts, as well as complex shaped surfaces.

Specifications:

• The height of the center above the bed and support is 500 and 325 mm.
• Spindle diameter - 128 mm.
• The maximum weight of the workpiece is 5 tons.
• The maximum diameter of the workpiece in the jaws is 870 mm.

Screw-cutting lathe 1M63

Developed in the 50s for processing workpieces made of various metals. At that time, it was a unit with unique characteristics, and it was purchased by large industrial enterprises. It ensured high quality and precision processing when turning products of any complexity.

Screw-cutting lathe 1A616

The unit was produced in the 50s of the last century. In that era, the technical characteristics were among the best. The machine is successfully used in many enterprises to this day.

The equipment is designed for a wide range of work with small workpieces. The letter A indicates particularly high processing accuracy. It is possible to cut modular, inch, and pitch threads without restructuring the kinematics.

School lathe TV-4

Developed for teaching turning in school workshops and training centers. A universal machine suitable for basic turning operations. It is lightweight and small in size, which is why it is popular in home workshops.

Metal lathe Shkolnik TV-7

The machine is manually controlled, designed for processing workpieces 100-300 mm. Supports four speed modes. Allows you to perform basic operations - external turning, boring, cutting metric threads, end processing, drilling holes. Purpose - practical training of future turners.

Tabletop metal lathe TV-16

A machine with small dimensions for performing operations of medium complexity. Available for hole drilling, thread cutting, external turning, boring.

Options:

• The distance between centers is 250 mm.
• The maximum diameter of the workpiece above the bed is 160 mm.
• The spindle hole diameter is 18 mm.
• Power - 0.4-0.5 kW.

Brief description of the most common models of Soviet lathes

A wide range of functions have been included with the machines from the very first release. It is enough to look at the most popular brands to be convinced of this.

School lathe TV-4

Created to teach the basics of turning to students and schoolchildren of all ages. Provides access to a large number of work operations, including:

• Multi-start thread.
• Threads of different shapes, pitches: outside and inside, inch, trapezoidal, persistent.
• Boring work for surfaces in the shape of cones and cylinders.
• Carrying out countersinking.
• Boring holes.
• Reaming.

Reading: Responsibilities, requirements and training for working on a CNC machine

The workpieces rotate inside the centers and chucks - this is the main movement characteristic of the workpieces. The spindle receives energy from the gearboxes. The serve itself is a secondary factor, as is its movement. Thanks to this, even the old cutting tool and the workpiece are brought together.

Capable of processing parts with a diameter from 125 to 200 mm.

0.6 kW - the installation is equipped with electric motors with this average power.

Metal lathe Shkolnik TV-7

Equipment for educational purposes. Designed for training to perform the following operations:

1. Countersinking.
2. Deployment.
3. Processing with a drill.
4. Metric thread cutting.
5. End processing with different parameters.
6. Turning, boring parts.

The belt moves to another pulley pair if the speed is reduced. The main regulator is the handle on the right stand of the device. The result is support for up to four speeds.

Two pairs of gears are located inside the gearbox. The handle allows you to manually adjust the unit. Switching the clutch increases the number of available driving speeds to 8 units. The headstock is not supplemented with handles that simplify the adjustment of the required rotational numbers of the spindle.

The electrical circuit components are located in the right cabinet. The support with the tailstock is placed on the frame guides. Additionally, there are protective elements to prevent operators from being damaged by chips.

The dimensions of the workpiece range from 100 to 300 mm.

School metal lathe TV6

Using this type of equipment, operators gain access to the following operations:

• The workpiece is partially cut off.
• Conical and cylindrical surfaces are bored and machined.
• Metric thread.
• End adjustment.
• Drilling holes.

The machine is distinguished by its original characteristics, which do not allow processing of steel with a hardened surface. The device has the following parameters:

1. 350mm distance between centres.
2. The spindle maintains 130-170 rpm when rotating.
3. 108 mm - at this height there are parts in the center.
4. 300 millimeters is the length of the surface to be turned.
5. 12 millimeters is the maximum diameter for the workpiece being processed.

The 300-kilogram weight distinguishes the machine, even if the equipment is minimal.

Tabletop metal lathe TV-16

Equipment processing metal parts is characterized by small dimensions. To perform basic operations included in turning operations:

To read: Characteristics and description of the SV141P CNC lathe

• Making holes.
• Thread with different characteristics.
• Average complexity of operations.
• Carrying out boring and turning.

160 mm is the maximum limit for the size of workpieces in processing if they are above the bed. 90 millimeters is the same size for the location above the caliper. 250 mm – maximum length limit in the central part. The through spindle hole has an increased width when compared with the TV-4 model - it will be 18 mm.

The frame is cast, made of cast iron. It is complemented by three longitudinal grooves that serve as guides. Standard power indicators are in the range of 0.4-0.5 kW. 1400 rpm is an indicator for the rotation speed, which determines how efficient the milling machine will be.

If you choose the spacers correctly, you can avoid the appearance of various gaps. The belt tension of the V-belt drive must be correct, otherwise the result will not be achieved.

Safety regulations

Turning and milling machining centers for metal

When working even on the simplest school unit of a turning group, it is necessary to strictly observe the safety requirements, which are as follows.

• All operator clothing must be fastened with all buttons.
• Before starting work, it is necessary to perform a technical inspection of the device, during which individual malfunctions in its operation may be identified. If such malfunctions are detected, if the operator cannot quickly eliminate them with his own hands, it is necessary to call a technician (or an adjuster) who will deal with this issue.
• All technological operations on a lathe should be carried out only in accordance with the technical specifications, for which you must first obtain a drawing or a detailed technological processing process from the master.

Safety Reminder when working on lathes (click to enlarge)

The operator of a machine, including one equipped with a CNC system, is strictly prohibited from:

• start work if the device is currently being adjusted or serviced;
• work on the machine if its centers have undergone significant wear;
• use tools and clamping elements during processing that show even the slightest signs of malfunction;
• independently troubleshoot problems related to the electrical system of the equipment;
• move away from the machine, which is turned on, and also entrust its control to unauthorized persons.

From soft to hard

Machines and equipment

We are on the territory of the Kolomna Heavy Machine Tool Plant, which turned 100 years old this year. In the Russian Empire, they started here with horse-drawn carts, then, in Soviet times, they made cannons and, finally, they moved on to machine tools. ZTS was a real giant of Soviet industry and occupied a vast territory, which is now divided between several legal entities. In general, what usually happened with this kind of enterprise in the years when the country was carried away by trade and finance happened: the plant went bankrupt. It turned out that Russian machines were not needed only by the Japanese. And yet, the centenary of the famous plant did not become a mourning date. Slowly, step by step, here in Kolomna, as well as in Sterlitamak, Ivanovo and other cities, the Russian machine tool industry is being born again.

And here's what's interesting. The people who stood at the origins of the new life of the famous Kolomna plant did not at all come from heavy industry. They came from the very “knowledge economy”. Back in 1995, a group of students, graduate students and graduates of the Moscow “Stankin” united into a production team and began to fulfill orders from Western machine tool companies to develop software for automated control systems. There was no talk of any “heavy metal” - it was an era when programmers and “computer scientists” in general were the heroes of the day. Gradually, the scope of activity and the circle of partners of the team - now it became known as ZAO Stankotech - expanded. There was an interest not only in creating software for machine tools, but also in their modernization and re-equipment based on modern CNC tools. Finally, in 2011, ZAO Stankotech came to Kolomna. The company absorbed the bankrupt enterprise SKB-ZTS LLC, created on the basis of the precision machine shop of the former Kolomna Heavy Engineering Plant. In these areas with a glorious history, the “machine technicians” began to create a new enterprise, which now not only modernizes old machines, but also produces new ones. In 2013, ZAO Stankotech, which manages production in Kolomna, merged with the machine tool plant in Sterlitamak (NPO Stankostroenie) into the STAN group. In October of this year, it was announced that two more machine-tool production facilities would join the group in Ryazan and Ivanovo.

Technologies Surgical operations “remotely”: is it possible?

Flexibility and precision In the photo, the pipe bending machine performs its slow but very delicate work. Under computer control, it creates complex three-dimensional configurations from pipes - such parts are used, in particular, in rocket fuel systems. Another new product of Stankotech JSC, located on the factory floor, is the OCP 300 model machining center, which is designed for processing large-sized parts (plates, frames, housings) made of light metal alloys and composite materials. The machine can process parts of any geometric shape from five sides without reinstallation.

The machines that are being built and will be built today in Kolomna are not ordinary equipment at all. A unique pipe bending machine has been manufactured and is operating in the workshop, a universal rolling mill URS-3200 is being gradually implemented in metal, and a machine for cutting out wafer backgrounds is being designed. No, confectionery products have nothing to do with it, and just listing the names of these machines is enough for an experienced person to understand which industry needed the latest Russian machines. But first, let’s talk about the Japanese.

Where can I buy equipment from those times?

The seller delivers and, if necessary, advises on upgrading the equipment. The main advantage of Soviet equipment is that it can be easily improved, and all main components can be easily replaced, which significantly extends the service life of the machine.

Soviet-made machines are distinguished by reliability and quality of processing, as well as versatility. Most models can be further improved and their functionality expanded. That is why almost all Soviet machines are still used in mechanical engineering and metalworking production.

Application area

Lathes are used for internal and external machining of cylindrical surfaces. Shafts, bushings, flanges, pulleys, couplings and other parts can be manufactured.

The workpiece is installed in a chuck, which rotates together with the spindle at specified speeds. The cutting tool makes a translational movement. Due to this, the workpiece acquires the desired shape and size.

Types of operations:

• End processing.
• Grinding the outer surface to a given diameter.
• Drilling and boring holes.
• Grooving.
• Cutting internal and external threads.
• Reaming and countersinking.

Scope of application of lathes

The purpose of creating equipment is to process various parts on a metal and wooden base. To do this, various operations are performed:

1. Cutting.
2. Turning.

Turning cutters boast the widest functionality if you have the necessary tools and equipment:

• Drilling.
• Trimming, end processing.
• Thread cutting.
• Internal surface treatment.
• Turning grooves, cones and other similar shapes.
• Boring, turning surfaces in the form of cones, cylinders, smooth shaped type.

The machines can be used in both large-scale and small-scale production. Each owner chooses the option that suits him. The choice of models was wide from the very beginning.

Lathe design

The main nodes are:

• The bed is a supporting structure on which all components are located.
• Headstock - it contains the spindle, which rotates with the part, and the gearbox.
• Tailstock - additionally secures the part during processing in the centers. The quill is used to attach a cutting tool (drill, reamer).
• Caliper - carries a tool holder into which turning tools are attached. Moves in the transverse and longitudinal direction at a given speed.
• Feed box - provides movement from the lead screw or shaft to the caliper.

Important! On most models, the main components are unified.

Types and types of Soviet lathes

The classification, developed while the Soviet Union was in force, is still used to this day. The following types of metal-cutting equipment are basic:

• Special.
• Automatic, conventional machines for specialized purposes.
• With several cutters for polishing.
• Frontal, screw-cut.
• Carousel variety.
• Cutting group.
• Revolving.
• Semi-automatic, automatic with several spindles.
• Automatic and semi-automatic with one spindle for metal.

The precision with which the work is performed allows the machines to be classified into one of the following classes:

To read: Design of a magnetic drilling machine

1. P – increased.
2. A – especially high.
3. N – normal.
4. B – high.
5. S – special.

Information regarding the following characteristics is included in the unit labeling:

• The installations have specific dimensions contained in the third and fourth digits. What is meant here is the height at which the centers are located.
• The second says which class this or that unit represents.
• The first unit is said to be turning equipment.

Design of a lathe and photos of its individual parts

The design of this type of equipment always contains the following components:

1. Electrical part. We are talking about electric drive motors. Power varies from model to model. The group also includes elements responsible for controlling certain parts of the machine. The main thing is that these parts meet safety requirements.
2. Gearbox. In the presence of such a structural element, the machine support receives the energy of movement. Lead screws and rollers act as sources of this energy.
3. Caliper. Fastens the cutting elements of the structure. Provides transverse and longitudinal feeding of devices. The design is necessarily complemented by the so-called bottom carriage, or several. Holders for turning tools are fixed on other carriages, at the top.
4. The spindle head contains the spindle itself. In the inner part there is a gearbox. Woodworking machines are also not devoid of this part.
5. Apron. Helps ensure that the movement of the roller is converted into movement of the caliper. The lead screw can also participate in this process.
6. Bed. Refers to the load-bearing elements of turning units. Other elements of the machine are mounted on it.

The rest of the elements are supported by two special cabinets included in the set. They have a load-bearing function for equipment. Thanks to this part, the operator is able to select the maximum workpiece height that is most convenient. The cabinets are known for their massive construction.

USSR lathe

During the Five-Year Plans, during the Great Patriotic War and after it, the Soviet Union actively used various machines to boost the country's economy. In the USSR, lathes for metal and wood were most often used to create weapons, military equipment, as well as other devices and devices that would help in difficult times.

During the war, people actively worked on machines. The lathes of the USSR are well preserved, there are no photos left from those times, but the machines have survived to this day. And when you come to the museum of military equipment, most likely you will see devices from factories there. The machines were made well and with high quality, so that they would not wear out and would last for a very long time, and so it turned out.

Safety rules when working on a lathe

The provisions of the safety rules are as follows:

1. Compliance with the original technical specifications is mandatory when performing work. To do this, first obtain a drawing from the master. Or another type of description of the technological process associated with processing.
2. Before starting work, be sure to conduct a technical inspection. This is necessary in order to detect and eliminate individual technical faults in a timely manner. If necessary, call a technician.
3. Special clothes are fastened with all buttons.

https://youtube.com/watch?v=x1KTQFhY0YQ

Work cannot be started if any equipment adjustment or other types of maintenance are being carried out. Do not use machines whose centers are heavily worn. The same applies to any tools or clamping materials - you should discard them at the slightest sign of malfunction.

If the breakdown is related to the electrical part, the technicians are prohibited from fixing it themselves.

What are lathes used for?

This machine is needed to process parts (or their blanks) made of metals and wood by cutting or turning. Using a lathe, smooth cylindrical, shaped and conical surfaces of this shape are turned and bored, grooves (recesses on the product), cones are turned, internal surfaces are processed, threads are cut, trimming and processing of ends is carried out, drilling, etc.

The device has many capabilities, and accordingly, there should be many different models and varieties. In fact, no matter what role the lathe plays, all machines have the same structure, shown in the photo below.

• The headstock (which contains the gearbox, which consists mainly of a spindle) is attached to the left end of the bed.
• The spindle imparts the main movements to the workpiece thanks to special devices. The spindle also has mounting surfaces for installing a chuck or faceplate, and inside there is a conical hole into which the center shank is inserted.
• The gearbox in the headstock is used to adjust the spindle speed.
• The feed box provides the drive shaft and screw with different rotation speeds.
• The support is needed to secure the cutting tool; it informs it of the feed movements.
• The caliper apron converts the rotational movements of the lead shaft or lead screw into linear movements of the caliper.
• And the tailstock plays the role of securing centers, drills, taps, etc.

Lathe device

Lathes consist of the following structural elements:

• Bed – the main part of the machine on which all components and mechanisms are located;
• An apron that converts the movement of the drive shaft or screw into the longitudinal movement of the caliper;
• A support where the cutting tool is secured;
• Feed box, which communicates movement from the drive shaft or screw to the caliper;
• An electric motor that provides the machine with electricity;
• The spindle head, which houses the spindle of the machine.

Screw-cutting lathe IT-1M

This unit is one of the most popular brands, which has found application in many workshops. Even educational institutions use the IT-1M lathe to develop the skills of their students. This model first appeared at the Ivanovo Machine Tool Plant, where employees were able to combine the best in one equipment: acceptable dimensions, high power, the ability to install additional components, etc.

It is important to note that this device belongs to the turning-screw-cutting group, but is lightweight. This feature makes it possible to operate the machine in mobile workshops, where technological operations of the following type are often carried out: processing of cylindrical blanks; axial drilling; carving; turning of conical blanks and much more. Nowadays, machine tools are also produced in Ivanovo, however, this model has already been discontinued

But many devices in excellent condition are sold on the secondary market.

Tips for choosing

When choosing a lathe, it is necessary to take into account the material being processed, its dimensions, the dimensions of the machine and, of course, the budget. A small-sized screw-cutting lathe with low power is suitable for a garage.

For production, it is recommended to take a closer look at more powerful and versatile equipment.

It is also recommended that when purchasing a machine, you carefully inspect it for cracks, breakages, abrasions, and so on.