Types of scrap and waste of non-ferrous metals and alloys, marking, classification and categories of non-ferrous metals

Non-ferrous is a group of different metals and their alloys.

Let's take a closer look at what non-ferrous metal scrap is.

There are two groups of metals:

• colored;
• black.

Iron and its alloys are called black

The rest are non-ferrous or non-ferrous.

Their list is diverse:

• aluminum;
• copper;
• nickel;
• manganese;
• titanium;
• zirconium, etc.

are in demand today both in production and in scientific activities . Their areas of application are varied.

Scrap metal collection points are happy to buy non-ferrous metal scrap at competitive prices, and in order to avoid getting into trouble when handing it over, you need to be familiar with the types and know the standard classification of non-ferrous metals.

Classification of non-ferrous metals according to GOST

The current GOST 1639-2009 clearly indicates what belongs to non-ferrous metal scrap.

The classification of scrap is divided into four main sections that characterize it:

• Name;
• physical parameters;
• chemical composition;
• quality.

GOST metals and their alloys.

The section displays 13 types that are accepted in organizations for receiving recyclable materials.

Below is a table in which you can see a list of non-ferrous metals in one list and the number of individual types of scrap:

Pure metal can rarely be found , since most scrap is made up of alloys.

Upon acceptance, belonging to one or another type is assessed by the element that is greater in percentage terms in recyclable materials.

This ratio can be determined using special equipment.

Steel grades

steel grade	Substitute	Weldability
GOST 380-2005
St0	—	Weldable without restrictions
St2kp	—	Weldable without restrictions. For thicknesses greater than 36 mm, preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended.
St2ps	St2sp	Weldable without restrictions. For thicknesses greater than 36 mm, preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended.
St2sp	St2ps	Weldable without restrictions. For thicknesses greater than 36 mm, preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended.
St3Gps	St3ps, 18Gps	Weldable without restrictions. For thicknesses greater than 36 mm, preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended.
St3Gsp	—	Weldable without restrictions. For thicknesses greater than 36 mm, preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended.
St3kp	St3ps	Weldable without restrictions. For thicknesses greater than 36 mm, preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended.
St3ps	St3sp	Weldable without restrictions. For thicknesses greater than 36 mm, preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended.
St3sp	St3ps	Weldable without restrictions. For thicknesses greater than 36 mm, preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended.
St4kp	—	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment is recommended
St4ps	—	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment is recommended
St5ps	—	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment is recommended
St5sp	St4sp, St6sp	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment is recommended
St6ps	—	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment is recommended
St6sp	St5sp	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment is recommended
GOST 801-78
ШХ15	9Х, 9Х1, ШХ15СГ	Difficult to weld
SHH15SG	9ХС, ХВГ, ХВСГ, ШХ15	Difficult to weld
GOST 1050-88
8	10	Weldable without restrictions, except for parts after chemical-thermal treatment
08kp	8	Weldable without restrictions
10	08, 15, 08kp	Weldable without restrictions, except for parts after chemical-thermal treatment
10kp	08kp, 15kp, 10	Weldable without restrictions
15	10, 20	Weldable without restrictions, except for parts after chemical-thermal treatment
15kp	10kp, 20kp	Weldable without restrictions
20	15, 20	Weldable without restrictions, except for parts after chemical-thermal treatment
20kp	15kp	Weldable without restrictions, except for parts after chemical-thermal treatment
25	20, 30	Weldable without restrictions, except for parts after chemical-thermal treatment
30	25, 35	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment is recommended
35	30, 40, 35G	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment is recommended
40	35, 45, 40G	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment is recommended
45	40Х, 50, 50Г2	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
50	45, 50G, 50G2, 55	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
55	50, 60, 50G	Not applicable for welded structures
60	55, 65G	Not applicable for welded structures
GOST 1414-75
A12	A20	Not applicable for welded structures
A20	A12	Not applicable for welded structures
A35	—	Difficult to weld
GOST 1435-99
U7	U8	Not applicable for welded structures
U7A	U8	Not applicable for welded structures
U8	U7, U7A, U10, U10A	Not applicable for welded structures
U8A	U7, U7A, U10, U10A	Not applicable for welded structures
U9	U7, U7A, U8, U8A	Not applicable for welded structures
U9A	U7, U7A, U8, U8A	Not applicable for welded structures
U10	U12, U12A	Not applicable for welded structures
U10A	U12, U12A	Not applicable for welded structures
U12	U10, U10A	Not applicable for welded structures
U12A	U10, U10A	Not applicable for welded structures
GOST 4543-71
09G2S	10G2S, 09G2	Weldable without restrictions
10G2	09G2	Weldable without restrictions
10G2S1	10G2S1D	Weldable without restrictions
12Х2Н4А	20ХГНР, 12ХН2, 20ХГР, 12ХН3А, 20Х2Н4А	Limited weldability
12ХН2	20ХНР, 20ХГНР, 12ХН3А, 20Х2Н4А	Limited weldability
12ХН3А	12ХН2, 20ХН3А, 25ХГТ, 12Х2НР, 20ХНР	Limited weldability
14Х2Н3МА	—	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
14ХГС	15HSND, 16GS	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
15G	20G	Weldable without restrictions, except for parts after chemical-thermal treatment
15X	20X	Weldable without restrictions, except for parts after chemical-thermal treatment
15ХМ	—	Weldable without restrictions. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
15HF	20HF	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
16GS	17GS	Weldable without restrictions
17G1S	17GS	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
17GS	16GS	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
18Х2Н4МА (18Х2Н4ВА)	20Х2Н4А	Limited weldability. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
28ХГТ	30ХГТ, 25ХГТ, 12ХН3А, 12Х2Н4А, 20ХН2М, 20ХГР	Weldable without restrictions, except for parts after chemical-thermal
20G	20, 30G	Weldable without restrictions, except for parts after chemical-thermal
20X	15Х, 20ХН, 18ХГТ	Weldable without restrictions, except for parts after chemical-thermal
20Х2Н4А	20HGNR, 20HGNTR	Limited weldability. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
20ХГНР	20ХН3А, 12ХН2, 12ХН3А	Limited weldability
20ХГР	20ХН3А, 20ХН24, 18Х1Т, 12ХН2, 12ХН3А	Limited weldability
20ХГСА	30ХГСА	Weldable without restrictions
20HGT	—	Subsequent heat treatment required
20ХМ	—	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
20ХН	15ХГ, 20ХНР, 18 ХГТ	Limited weldability
20ХН2М (20ХНМ)	20ХГР, 15ХР, 20ХНР, 20ХГНР	Heating and subsequent heat treatment
20ХН3А	20ХГНР, 20ХНГ, 38ХА, 20ХГР	Limited weldability
20ХН4FA	18Х2Н4МА	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
20ХНР	20ХН	Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
25x2N4MA (25x2N4VA)	—	Limited weldability. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
25ХГМ	—	Limited weldability
25ХГСА	20ХГСА	Weldable without restrictions
27ХГР	—	Limited weldability
30G	35.40G	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
30X	35X	Limited weldability
30Х3МФ	—	Limited weldability. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
30ХГС	40HFA, 35ХМ, 40ХН, 35ХГСА	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
30ХГСА	40HFA, 35ХМ, 40ХН, 35ХГСА	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
30KhGSN2A (30KhGSNA)	—	Limited weldability. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
30ХГТ	18ХГТ, 20ХН2М, 25ХГТ, 12Х2Н4А	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
30ХМ	35ХМ, 35ХРА	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
30ХМА	35ХМ, 35ХРА	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
30ХН2МА	40HFA, 35ХМ, 40ХН, 35ХГСА	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
30HN2MFA (30HN2VFA)	—	Limited weldability. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
30ХН3А	30Х2ГН2, 34ХН2М	Limited weldability. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
33ХС	—	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
35G2	40X	Limited weldability. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
35X	40X	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
35ХГСА	30ХГС, 30ХГСА, 30ХГТ, 35ХМ	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
35ХМ	40Х, 40ХН, 30ХН, 35ХГСА	Limited weldability. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
36Kh2N2MFA (36KhN1MFA)	—	Difficult to weld
38Х2МУА (38ХМУА)	38Х2УА, 38ХВФУ, 38Х2У, 20Х3МВФ	Not applicable for welded structures
38Х2Н2МА(38ХНМА)	—	Not applicable for welded structures
38ХА	40Х, 35Х	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
38ХГН	38ХГНМ	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
38ХН3МА	38ХН3ВА	Not applicable for welded structures
38ХН3МФА	—	Not applicable for welded structures
38ХС	40ХС	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
40G	45, 40Х	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
40G2	45G2, 60G	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
40X	45Х, 38ХА, 40ХС	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
40Х2Н2МА (40Х1НВА)	38Х2Н2МА	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
40ХН	45ХН, 50ХН, 38ХГН, 40Х, 35ХГФ, 40ХНР, 40ХНМ, 30ХГВТ	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
40ХН2МА (40ХНМА)	40HGT, 40HGR, 30H3MF, 45HN2MFA	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
40ХС	38ХС, 35ХГТ	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
40HFA	40Х, 65Г, 50ХФА, 30Х3МФ	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
45G	40G, 50G	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
45G2	50G2	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
45X	40Х, 50Х	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
45ХН	40ХН	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
50G	40G, 50	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended.
50G2	45G2, 60G	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
50X	40Х, 45Х, 50ХН	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
50ХН	40ХН, 60ХГ	Not applicable for welded structures
GOST 5520-79
15K	—	Weldable without restrictions
16K	—	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
18K	—	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
20K	—	Weldable without restrictions
22K	—	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
GOST 5632-72
06ХН28МДТ (0Х23Н28М3Д3Т, EI 943)	03ХН28МДТ	Difficult to weld
07Х16Н6 (Х16Н6,ЭП 288)	—	Weldable without restrictions
08Х13 (0Х13, EI 496)	12Х13, 12Х18Н9Т	Limited weldability. Heating and subsequent heat treatment are used depending on the welding method, type and purpose of the structure
08Х15Н24В4ТР (ЭП 164)	—	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
08Х16Н13М2Б (EI 405, EI 680)	—	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
08Х17Н13М2Т (0Х17Н13М2Т)	10Х17Н13М21	Weldable without restrictions
08Х17Т (0Х17Т, EI 645)	12Х17, 08Х18Т1	Difficult to weld. Subsequent heat treatment is recommended
08Х18Н10 (0Х18Н10)	—	Weldable without restrictions
08Х18Н10Т (0Х18Н10, EI 914)	—	Weldable without restrictions
08Х21 Н6М2Т (0Х21 Н6М2Т, ЭП 54)	—	Weldable without restrictions
08Х22Н6Т (08Х22Н5Т, ЭП 53)	12Х18Н9Т, 12Х18Н10Т, 08Х18Н10Т	Limited weldability
09X14N19V2BR (EI 695R)	—	Difficult to weld. Subsequent heat treatment is recommended
09X14N19V2BR1 (EI 726)	—	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
10Х11Н20Т3Р (EI 696)	—	Welds satisfactorily
10Х11Н23Т3МР (ЭП 33)	—	Welds satisfactorily
10Х14Г14Н4Т (Х14Г14Н3Т, EI 711)	20Х13Н4Г9, 12Х18Н9Т, 12Х18Н10Т, 08Х18Н10Т	Limited weldability
10Х17Н13М2Т (Х17Н13М2Т, EI 448)	—	Weldable without restrictions
10Х17Н13М3Т (Х17Н13М3Т, EI 432)	—	Weldable without restrictions
12Х13 (1Х13)	20Х13	Limited weldability. Heating and subsequent heat treatment are used depending on the welding method, type and purpose of the structure
12X17 (X17, EZh 17)	12Х18Н9Т	Difficult to weld. Subsequent heat treatment is recommended
12Х18Н10Т	15Х25Т, 08Х17Т, 08Х18Г8Н2Т, 10Х14Г14Н4Т	Weldable without restrictions. Subsequent heat treatment is recommended
12Х18Н12Т (Х18Н12Т)	12Х18Н9, 12Х18Н9Т, 12Н18Н10Т	Weldable without restrictions
12Х18Н9Т (Х18Н9)	20Х13Н4Г9, 10Х14Г14Н4Т	Weldable without restrictions
12Х18Н9Т (Х18Н9Т)	12Х18Н10Т	Weldable without restrictions
12X25N16G7AR (EI 835)	—	Weldable without restrictions
13Х11 Н2В2МФ-Ш (ЭИ 961-Ш)	—	Limited weldability
14Х17Н2 (1Х17Н2, EI 268)	20Х17Н2	Limited weldability
15Х11МФ (1Х11МФ)	—	Limited weldability. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
15Х12ВНМФ (EI 802, EI 952)	—	Limited weldability. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
15Х25Т (Х25Т, EI 439)	12Х18Н10Т	Difficult to weld. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
17Х18Н9 (2Х18Н9)	20Х13Н4Г9	Limited weldability
18Х11МНФБ (2Х11МФБН, ЭП 291)	—	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
18Kh12VMBFR-Sh (EI 993-Sh)	—	Not applicable for welded structures
20N23N18 (Х23Н18, EI 417)	10Х25Т, 20Х23Н13	Weldable without restrictions
20Х12ВНМФ (EP 428)	15Х12ВНМФ, 18Х11 МНФБ	Limited weldability. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
20Х13 (2Х13)	12Х13, 14Х17Н2	Limited weldability. Heating and subsequent heat treatment are used depending on the welding method, type and purpose of the structure
20Х20Н14С2 (Х20Н14С2, EI211)	—	Limited weldability. Subsequent heat treatment is recommended.
20Х23Н13 (Х23Н13, EI 319)	—	Limited weldability.
20Х25Н20С2 (Х25Н20С2, EI 283)	—	Limited weldability.
25Х13Н2 (2Х14Н2, EI 474)	—	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
30Х13 (3Х13)	40Х13	Not applicable for welded structures
31Х19Н9МВБТ (ЭИ 572)	—	Difficult to weld. Heat treatment is recommended to relieve welding stresses
36Х18Н25С2 (4Х18Н25С2, ЭЯ 3С)	—	Limited weldability. Subsequent heat treatment is recommended
37Х12Н8Г8МФБ (EI 481)	—	Difficult to weld. Subsequent heat treatment is recommended
40Х10С2М (4Х10С2М, EI 107)	—	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
40Х13 (4Х13)	30Х13	Not applicable for welded structures
40Х9С2 (4Х9С2, ESH	—	Not applicable for welded structures
45Х14Н14В2М (EI 69)	—	Difficult to weld. Subsequent heat treatment is recommended to relieve welding stresses.
95х18 (9Х18, EI 229)	—	Not applicable for welded structures
ХН32Т (EP 670)	—	Weldable without limitation
ХН35ВТ (EI 612)	—	Difficult to weld. Subsequent heat treatment is recommended to relieve welding stresses.
KhN35VTYu (EI 787)	—	Difficult to weld. Subsequent heat treatment is recommended to relieve welding stresses.
ХН45У (EP 747)	—	Weldable without restrictions
HN55VMTKYU (EI 929)	—	Difficult to weld
KHN55VMTKYu-VD (EI 929-VD)	—	Difficult to weld
ХН60ВТ (EI 868)	—	Limited weldability
ХН60У (ЭИ 559А)	—	Weldable without restrictions
KHN62MVKYU (EI 867)	—	Difficult to weld
ХН62МВКУ-ВД (ЭИ 86-ВД)	—	Difficult to weld
KhN65MVTYu (EI 893)	—	Difficult to weld
KhN67MVTYu (EP 202, EI 445R)	—	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
KhN70VMTYu (EI 617)	—	Limited weldability
KhN70VMTYUF (EI 826)	—	Difficult to weld
KhN70VMTYuF-VD (EI 826-VD)	—	Difficult to weld
KHN70VMUT (EI 765)	—	Difficult to weld. Subsequent heat treatment is recommended to relieve welding stresses.
ХН70У (EI 652)	All types of welding can be carried out in thin sections
ХН75ВМУ (EI 827)	—	Difficult to weld
KHN77TYUR (EI 437B)	—	Difficult to weld
ХН78Т (EI 435)	12Х25Н16Г7АР, 20Х23Н18, ХН38Т	Limited weldability
KHN80TBYu (EI 607)	—	Difficult to weld
GOST 5781-82
18G2S	—	Weldable without restrictions
GOST 5950-2000
11Х4В2МФ3С2 (DI 57)	—	Not applicable for welded structures
3X2MNF	—	Not applicable for welded structures
3Х3М3Ф	—	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
4Х3ВМФ (3И 2)	—	Not applicable for welded structures
4Х4ВМФС (DI 22)	—	Not applicable for welded structures
4Х5В2ФС (EI 958)	—	Not applicable for welded structures
4Х5МФ1С (EP 572)	—	Difficult to weld. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
4Х5МФС	—	Not applicable for welded structures
4ХМФС (4ХСМФ)	—	Not applicable for welded structures
5Х2МNF (DI 32)	—	Not applicable for welded structures
5Х3В3МФС (DI 23)	—	Not applicable for welded structures
5ХНМ	5ХНВ, 5ХГМ, 4ХМФС, 5ХНВС, 4Х5В2ФС	Not applicable for welded structures
6Х6В3МФС (55Х6В3СМФ, ЭП 569)	—	Not applicable for welded structures
7Х3	8Х3	Not applicable for welded structures
7ХГ2ВМФ	—	Not applicable for welded structures
8Х4В2МФС2 (EP 761)	—	Not applicable for welded structures
9Х1 (9Х)	9X2	Not applicable for welded structures
9Х1Ф	—	Not applicable for welded structures
9X2	—	Not applicable for welded structures
9ХС	HVG	Not applicable for welded structures
9HF	—	Not applicable for welded structures
X12	X12MF	Not applicable for welded structures
X12VMF	X12MF	Not applicable for welded structures
X12MF	Kh6VF, Kh12F1, Kh12VMF	Not applicable for welded structures
Х12Ф1	Kh6VF, Kh6F3FM	Not applicable for welded structures
Х6ВФ	Х12Ф1, Х12М, 9Х5Ф	Not applicable for welded structures
HVG	9ХС, 9ХВГ, ШХ15СГ	Not applicable for welded structures
GOST 14959-79
75	70, 80, 85	Not applicable for welded structures
85	70, 75, 80	Not applicable for welded structures
50HFA	60С2А, 50ХГ FA, 9ХС	Not applicable for welded structures
55С2	50S2, 60S2, 35Х2AF	Not applicable for welded structures
60С2	55S2, 50HFA	Not applicable for welded structures
60С2А	60S2N2A, 60S2G, 50HFA	Not applicable for welded structures
60S2G	—	Not applicable for welded structures
65G	70, U8A, 70G, 60S2A, 50HFA, 9HS, 60S2, 55S2	Not applicable for welded structures
65S2VA	60С2А, 60С2ХА
70С2ХА	—
GOST 19265-73
P18	—	Not applicable for welded structures
11R3AM3F2	—	Not applicable for welded structures
R18K5F2	—	Not applicable for welded structures
R6M5	—	Not applicable for welded structures
R6M5K5	—	Not applicable for welded structures
R9M4K8	—	Not applicable for welded structures
GOST 19281-89
09G2	09G2S, 10G2	Weldable without restrictions
09G2S	10G2S, 09G2	Weldable without restrictions
10G2S1	10G2S1D	Weldable without restrictions
10HSND	16G2AF	Weldable without restrictions
14G2	15HSND	Weldable without restrictions
14ХГС	15HSND, 16GS	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
15HSND	16G2AF, 14HGS, 16GS	Weldable without restrictions
16GS	17GS	Weldable without restrictions
17G1S	17GS	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
17GS	16GS	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
18G2AFps	15G2AFDps, 16G2AF, 10HSND, 15HSND	Limited weldability
GOST 20072-72
12MH	—	Weldable without restrictions. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
12Х1МФ (EI 575)	—	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
15ХМ (12Х5МА, Х5М)	—	Limited weldability. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
15Х5МФ	—	Limited weldability. Preheating and subsequent heat treatment are recommended
20Х1М1Ф1БР (ЭП 44)	—	Not applicable for welded structures
20Х1М1Ф1ТР (ЭП 182)	—	Not applicable for welded structures
20Х3МВФ (EI 415, EI 579)	—	Limited weldability. Requires heating and subsequent heat treatment
25Х1МФ (EI 10)	—	Limited weldability
GOST 28393-89
R6M5F3-MP (DI 99-MP)	—	Not applicable for welded structures
R12M3K5F2-MP (DI 103-MP)	—	Not applicable for welded structures

Marking of materials of various groups

Types

Non-ferrous metal scrap is divided into types according to the following criteria :

• origin;
• chemical composition;
• physical state.

The origin of the scrap may be as follows:

• industrial waste;
• marriage;
• substandard;
• scrap of finished products.

The chemical composition of non-ferrous metal scrap, which is determined in the laboratory, shows which metal or alloy it belongs to.

The most valuable recyclable materials are unalloyed metals with a low content of impurities. Physical parameters are just as important when passing as chemical ones.

According to these characteristics, scrap is divided into the following classes :

• A – directly refers to scrap and lump waste;
• B – includes shavings, tangled wire and small pieces;
• B - powdered waste (mainly found only in rare metals: tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum and titanium);
• G - other recyclables.

How does marking happen in practice?

Before smelting any grade of metal, the charge materials are calculated. Then the desired composition is poured into the oven, boiled and poured. All necessary elements are verified using a ladle sample in accordance with GOST or TU tables. They check for harmful impurities (they get into the melt with the charge and from the lining). If all components are within the normal range, then the melt is marked as expected.

It also happens that chemical composition standards are not met. Then the metal is marked with a different brand. The customer must be sure that he will receive exactly the products he ordered. The quality of the products depends on this. 's technical control system strictly monitors this.

Safety

All non-ferrous scrap must be checked for:

• presence of radiation and harmful chemical contamination;
• explosion hazard.

When transporting scrap metal, it must be accompanied by documentation on radiation and explosion safety.

The concentration of harmful substances must not exceed the values ​​specified in GOST 12.1.005.

The Russian Ministry of Natural Resources has identified five classes of chemical, radiation and explosion hazards of non-ferrous metal scrap:

1. Hazardous waste with great harm to the ecosystem. These include mercury, polonium and plutonium.
2. Highly hazardous waste, the consequences of which take nature thirty years to remove. These are alloys of lead, cobalt and molybdenum.
3. Moderate danger , in which it takes ten years to restore the ecology. This is scrap mixed with copper, nickel, iron, zinc, aluminum and silver.
4. Low hazardous waste, removal of the consequences takes three years. This includes scrap bronze.
5. Low danger , such scrap does not harm the environment. This is the most common class among colored scrap.

Due to the expected harm to humans and nature, all operations with non-ferrous scrap require a license from the points accepting secondary non-ferrous metals. Checking for all types of hazards is carried out according to the following scheme:

What do the numbers mean in hair dye numbers?

When choosing paint, each woman is guided by her own criteria. For one, the decisive factor is brand awareness, for another - the price criterion, for the third - the originality and attractiveness of the packaging or the presence of a balm in the kit.

But as for choosing the shade itself, everyone is guided by the photo posted on the packaging. At least, on the name. And rarely will anyone pay attention to the small numbers that are printed next to the beautiful (like “chocolate smoothie”) name of the shade. Although these numbers give us a complete picture of the presented shade.

On the main part of the shades presented by various brands, the tones are indicated by 2-3 numbers. For example, “5.00 Dark Blonde”.

• The 1st number refers to the depth of the main color (approx. - usually from 1 to 10).
• Under the 2nd number is the main color tone (note - the number comes after the dot or fraction).
• Under the 3rd number is an additional shade (approx. 30-50% of the main shade).
• When marked with only one or two numbers, it is assumed that there are no shades in the composition, and the tone is exceptionally pure.

Let's decipher the depth of the main color:

• 1 - refers to the color black.
• 2 - to dark-dark chestnut.
• 3 - to dark chestnut.
• 4 - to chestnut.
• 5 - to light chestnut.
• 6 - to dark blond.
• 7 - to fair-haired.
• 8 - to light brown.
• 9 - to very light brown.
• 10 - to light light brown (that is, light blond).

Some manufacturers can also add an 11th or 12th tone - these are already super-lightening hair dyes.

Deciphering the number of the main shade

• Under the number 1: there is a blue-violet pigment (approx. - ash row).
• Under the number 2: there is a green pigment (approx. - matte row).
• Under the number 3: there is a yellow-orange pigment (approx. - golden row).
• Under the number 4: there is a copper pigment (note - red row).
• Under the number 5: there is a red-violet pigment (approx. - mahogany row).
• Under the number 6: there is a blue-violet pigment (approx. - purple row).
• Under the number 7: there is a red-brown pigment (note - natural base).
• It should be remembered that the 1st and 2nd shades are classified as cold, the others - warm.

Marking

According to GOST, all transported scrap must be marked with the following indication:

• names;
• GOST designations;
• designations of the type of recyclable materials;
• alloy grades.

Marking of non-ferrous metals and alloys must be firmly attached to the cargo during transportation and storage.

To determine the grade of metal, you need to look at the stamp book , a special document with all the markings of the metal or alloy you are interested in.

Decoding the numbers on the packaging

Color. The box and tube are marked by the manufacturer with a code or paint number consisting of several numbers. Numerical characters can be separated by a fraction or a dot.

The first part of the number, located before the dot or fraction, means the main tone of the dye; it is also called the lightening level. It is numbered from 1 to 11 (sometimes 12), from dark to light: 1 - the darkest, black color; 2 - black-brown; 3 - dark brown; 4 - medium brown; 5 - light brown; 6 - dark blond; 7 - medium brown; 8 - light brown; 9 - light blond; 10 is the lightest.

When applying markings 11 and 12, different manufacturers designate the blonde as “ultra” or “extra”. Numbers from 1 to 5 are black and brown, 6 and above indicate different degrees of blonde.

Tone or additional pigment. When determining hair color, we talk about color and tone. The tone belongs to one of three groups: neutral, warm, cold. A combination of color and tone is used to create the perfect customized formula. Manufacturers mark additional pigmentation of dyes with the first number after the fraction or dot: /0 - natural shade; /1 - pearl, gray, ash; /2 /3 - golden, yellow; /4 - copper, orange; /5 - fiery, red; /6 - purple; /7 - brown; /8 /9. If there are two numbers after the fraction, then the manufacturer has designated the pigment additive. For example, the numbers 7/73 indicate medium blond, a shade of brownish-golden.

In addition to giving hair different shades, pigments neutralize or enhance the color of natural or dyed hair.

Labeling of additional shades may not be the same from different manufacturers. But there is an international system - the International Color Chart (ICC), where coloring is standardized. This numerical system is used throughout the world to classify the range of hair. Typically, hairdressers choose one professional brand and train by working with it, studying the numbering system and combination options.

Palette of shades

Knowing the meaning of the marking, it is very easy to read the palette album supplied by the manufacturer with each series of dye in the store. Next to each dyed strand in the album there is a digital color and shade code. Lovers of natural dyes should choose zero additional pigmentation.

The main tone has a greater influence on the final hair color than the additional tone. For example, 8/1 is a light blonde with a cool ash tone, and 8/13 is also a light blonde with a cool ash tone, but with a hint of warm gold as the background.

Red tones. Red shades are added to change the base of the medium brown. The zero after the fraction is used to mark the intensity of the tone. For example, 4/06 is a medium brown with just a hint of red, like warm coffee. While 4/60 is the same moderate brown, with a more obvious red tint. And 4/66 is a strong red tone on medium brown hair color.

The shade Mahogany is a mixture of red and purple shades. It is usually used in conjunction with another tone rather than on its own. Mahogany itself is neither a warm nor a cool shade. Its paired tone determines whether the hair color will be warm or cool. For example, 4/15 (chocolate brown) is cool, and 4/56 is warm.

If you need to cover your gray hair

If there is a certain percentage of gray hair, when choosing a dye, you should also focus on the numbers, and not on the sample strand in the palette: all dyes related to natural shades completely cover gray hair, this is a range from 1/0 to 10/0; dyes with additional golden pigment cover gray hair by 75%; red, orange and purple pigments can cover only half of the gray hair; To improve this indicator, natural color paint is added to the dye of these shades.

What do the numbers in the paint number mean?

Most tones are designated by one, two or three numbers. So, let's try to figure out what is hidden behind each of them.

The first number indicates the natural color and is responsible for the level of its depth . There is an international scale of natural tones: number 1 corresponds to black; 2 – dark-dark chestnut; 3 – dark chestnut; 4 – chestnut; 5 – light chestnut; 6 – dark blond; 7 – fair-haired; 8 – light brown; 9 – very light brown; 10 – light light brown (or light blond).

Some companies add another 11 and 12 tones, indicating super-lightening paints. If the tone is named with only one number, this means that the color is natural, without other shades. But in the designation of most tones there are second and third numbers that decipher shades of color.

The second number is the main shade:

• 0 – a range of natural tones
• 1 – presence of blue-violet pigment (ash row)
• 2 – presence of green pigment (matte row)
• 3 – presence of yellow-orange pigment (golden row)
• 4 – presence of copper pigment (red row)
• 5 – presence of red-violet pigment (mahogany row)
• 6 – presence of blue-violet pigment (purple row)
• 7 – presence of red-brown pigment, natural base (Havana)

It should be taken into account that the first and second shades are cold, the rest are warm. The third number (if there is one) means an additional shade, which is half as much in the color as the main one (in some paints their ratio is 70% to 30%).

For some manufacturers (for example, Pallet paint), the direction of color is indicated by a letter, and the depth of tone by a number. The meanings of the letters are as follows:

• C – ash color
• PL - platinum
• A - intense lightening
• N - natural
• E - beige
• M - matte
• W - brown
• R - red
• G - golden
• K - copper
• I - intense
• F,V - purple

Kinds

The large number of non-ferrous metals and various characteristics required their classification into separate types.
industrial systematization is in use , reflecting the historically established components of the metallurgical industry and the science of the same name.

The name itself does not fully reflect the essence of non-ferrous metal.

Only gold and copper are colored, while the rest are the usual grey-black shades.

Science usually distinguishes the following types of non-ferrous metals and alloys:

• lungs;
• heavy;
• noble;
• refractory;
• scattered;
• rare earth;
• radioactive.

industry in Russia today is on the rise and includes:

• metal mining;
• ore beneficiation;
• metal smelting

Basic non-ferrous metals

The main non-ferrous metals include:

• copper;
• aluminum.

Aluminum is an excellent electrical conductor. It is flexible, which is both its advantage and disadvantage.

To give it strength add :

• manganese;
• copper;
• magnesium, etc.

Such alloys are used for the production of :

• airplanes;
• sea ​​and river ships;
• space shuttles;
• in construction;
• in the food industry.

Aluminum and its alloys are the cheapest type of non-ferrous metal scrap.

You can find it in a variety of household items, including:

• siding;
• gutters;
• roofing

Copper is a commonly found non-ferrous metal.

It also has good characteristics:

• plastic;
• good electrical conductor;
• good heat conductor.

It is in great demand in alloys and is used in various economic sectors.

Its alloy with zinc and tin is known - brass.

It can be found in:

• cars;
• hours;
• expensive jewelry.

find copper for scrap metal in:

• power cables;
• water pipes;
• household products.

Copper is highly valued at recycling centers.

Rare

Rare earth metals are used to improve the qualities of other metals and became widely used with the development of industrial production in the 20th century.

These are the following metals:

• scandium;
• yttrium;
• lanthanides.

The name itself suggests that there is very little of these non-ferrous metals in the earth's crust. Also, previously, refractory oxides that form rare non-ferrous metals were called “earths” . They are extracted from oxides.

Today, rare earth metals can be found in all digital devices:

• smartphones;
• players;
• computers;
• in hybrid engines;
• in other electronics.

Alloys made from them have high characteristics , for example:

• anti-corrosion;
• strength;
• heat resistant.

Heavy

Let's consider heavy non-ferrous metals, collecting them in several lists.

The heaviest non-ferrous metals on Earth:

• osmium;
• iridium.

Rarely found in soil , it is generally the most expensive non-ferrous metal.

Also included in this group are:

• copper;
• lead;
• zinc;
• tin;
• nickel.

All of them have a high density and, accordingly, a lot of weight, which is why they get the name – heavy.
Lead is widely known and used in many industries , contained in:

• rock
• soil.

It is made from:

• batteries;
• explosives;

Lead is also used to create protective aprons from radiation .

Has the following characteristics:

• low thermal conductivity;
• plastic;
• toxicity.

Therefore, lead must be used carefully, following all safety regulations.

Tin used to be called an alloy of lead and silver.

Today, tin is used in the metallurgical industry and the production of various alloys, which include:

• bearings;
• packaging foil;
• bronze;
• food tin;
• wires

Nickel is a heavy non-ferrous metal with high heat-resistant and anti-corrosion characteristics. Nickel is used in alloys. In stainless steel it is the main component.

Made from nickel :

• coins;
• armor;
• chemical equipment;
• wire;
• foil;
• a thread;
• powder;
• alkaline batteries.

in demand in:

• shipbuilding;
• electrical engineering.

Lungs

The definition of “light non-ferrous metals” includes metals with low density.
List of the most popular light non-ferrous metals:

• aluminum;
• tin;
• magnesium;
• titanium;
• beryllium;
• lithium.

The lightest non-ferrous metal is lithium. It is widely used in various alloys.

is used in:

• chemical industry;
• metallurgical industry;
• military-industrial complex;
• thermonuclear energy.

Lithium is also used in the manufacture of:

• optics;
• alkaline batteries;
• ceramic products.

The ductility of magnesium is not as good as that of copper and aluminum, which affects the welding properties of this metal. But it can be easily cut with a special tool. At the same time, the mechanical properties leave much to be desired. This it to be widely introduced into industrial production .

Foreign standards

Manufacturers in the Russian Federation and post-Soviet countries use labeled methods, thanks to which you can at least roughly understand the composition, purpose and technical properties without the use of special literature. American and European production, on the contrary, does not use this practice. This is due to the many companies that are qualified to standardize metal products.

Most often, European countries and America do not apply a chemical composition to the outer surface, and steel varieties are characterized by letters and numbers. However, to decipher this abbreviation you will need to use reference books or other literature.

For corrosion-resistant steels in Europe and America, the AISI marking system is often used. It requires three numbers and one or more letters. The first digit in the metal marking indicates the steel class. The next two digits correspond to the serial number of the alloy in the group. Meaning of letters used in marking steel alloys:

• carbon content less than 0.03%;
• C content within 0.03-0.08%;
• the alloy contains nitrogen;
• low carbon steels containing nitrogen;
• high concentration of sulfur and phosphorus;
• contains selenium, B – silicon, Cu – copper.

Other labeling systems may be used in the United States. In Europe there is a system that is in many ways similar to the Russian labeling system. Carbon content is indicated in hundredths of a percent. The differences are that alloying elements are listed first, and then their percentages follow in the same order; alloys are indicated in accordance with the periodic table. If any element is present in an amount of more than 5%, then the letter X is placed before the marking. For example: X5CrNi18-10. This steel contains 0.05% carbon, 18% chromium and 10% nickel.

Table of designations of alloy steels in different marking systems

Popular types at collection points

The most popular non-ferrous metals at collection points:

• aluminum;
• copper;
• brass;
• zinc alloys (for example, TsAM);
• bronze;
• nickel;
• lead;
• titanium;
• tin;
• tungsten.

If you want to find out what is more profitable to rent out, then read this article.