Increasing the factory setting of 1.5 atmospheres will reduce the reserve volume and increase the pressure in the system. In other cases, reconfiguration is usually not necessary. In addition, the mechanical design is capable of maintaining a comfortable pressure in the system. If you turn it and twist it, it increases, if you unscrew it, it falls.
The main characteristic of such a device is the nominal operating pressure, which varies within 1.0 bar. How to connect a pressure switch.
This is the operating principle of the electromechanical version of the pressure switch; there are also newer electronic models.
Setting up the pumping station consists of the following steps: Turn on the water supply and use a pressure gauge to fix the barrier to start and stop the pump. How to install a pump to increase water pressure in an apartment.
That is why it is installed next to the hydraulic accumulator.
Therefore, installing reliable and high-quality filters into the system, especially when drawing water from sand wells, will not only improve the quality of drinking water, but will also ensure reliable and uninterrupted operation of pumping equipment. Setting up the relay is the very last, third stage.
Then it is best to use a copper two or three core wire with a core diameter of 1.
Pressure switch IBO PC-9 and Omnigena Z. Review and configuration.
We connect the relay to the water main
You need to connect the pressure switch to water first, and to electricity second.
Setting up the relay is the very last, third stage. Let's assume that everything turned out great and we found that piece of pipe with a thread to which we need to screw the pressure switch. Do you know how to make reliable threaded connections? If yes, then good. If not, you'll have to practice. Tangit Unilok thread is now on sale. This is a pretty cute and convenient thing. It is more convenient than flax for sealing threaded water connections, but is quite expensive. We'll use it!
The procedure for connecting the pressure switch to the water line for dummies (specialists don’t have to read it)
So, having prayed, let's begin. There are small tricks when sealing threads with flax or tangit. Tangit is wound, obviously, onto the thread that is located on the tube. We place this tube with the end, that is, the end facing us. It turns out that we are looking directly at the end on which we will screw whatever it is. Let's estimate approximately how much thread we will use. We take the tangit thread and start wrapping it. We start this process not from the end, but towards the end, stepping back from the edge to the distance that will be inside the nut. In the diagram above, I indicated the approximate position from which to start with a green arrow. When winding tangit, twist the thread clockwise (red arrow in the diagram), looking at the end of the pipe. The first loop should firmly secure the thread. so that it does not stretch or unravel. Next, we follow the instructions for the tangit, that is, make sure that the thread does not lie inside the thread grooves.
You need to wind it fairly evenly and tightly. Do not try to wrap it so that you get a whole tumor of tangitis. This is where you really need some experience. Wrapping it too little is bad. It will leak. Too much - don't tighten the nut, you'll crease the thread and it will leak again. Dont be upset! It will turn out well. No - you will practice. Let's say they wrapped it up. We begin to wind up the relay
Let's wind it up slowly! very slowly and carefully. First with your hands, but not for long
As soon as we feel resistance, we begin to work with a wrench. The first sign that everything is fine is that the tangit nut screws on quite easily. The presence of the thread should be felt, but in moderation. We carefully monitor how the relay nut is screwed on. If it screws onto the tangit, then that’s just great. Unfortunately, it may happen that you see that the tangit under the nut forms loops, gathers and comes out of the thread. This is bad. In this case, I suggest tightening it a little more and, if the situation with the loops worsens, then it is better to unscrew the relay and redo the entire winding. In this case, it is better to free the thread from the old thread and do everything clean.
Let's assume everything worked out, there were no loops, or there was one small one that formed when we had practically screwed everything together. Then screw the relay all the way. But not too much! Let's take a breath. There is a high probability that everything will be fine and there will be no leaks.
Review of popular models
There are two types of pressure switches: mechanical and electronic, the latter are much more expensive and are rarely used. The market offers a wide range of devices from domestic and foreign manufacturers, making it easier to select the required model.
RDM-5 Gilex (15 USD) is the most popular high-quality model from a domestic manufacturer.
Characteristics
- range: 1.0 - 4.6 atm.;
- minimum difference: 1 atm.;
- operating current: maximum 10 A;
- protection class: IP 44;
- factory settings: 1.4 atm. and 2.8 atm.
Genebre 3781 1/4″ (10 cu) is a budget model made in Spain.
Characteristics
- body material: plastic;
- pressure: upper 10 atm;
- connection: threaded 1.4 inches;
- weight: 0.4 kg.
Italtecnica PM/5-3W (13 cu) is an inexpensive device from an Italian manufacturer with a built-in pressure gauge.
Characteristics
- maximum current: 12A;
- working pressure: maximum 5 atm;
- lower: adjustment range 1 - 2.5 atm.;
- upper: range 1.8 - 4.5 atm.
The pressure switch is the most important element in the water intake system, providing automatic individual water supply to the house. It is located next to the hydraulic accumulator, the operating mode is set using adjusting screws inside the housing.
When organizing an autonomous water supply in a private house, pumping equipment is used to lift water. In order for the water supply to be stable, it is necessary to select it correctly, since each type has its own technical characteristics and features.
For efficient and trouble-free operation of the pump and the entire water supply system, it is necessary to purchase and install an automation kit for the pump, taking into account the characteristics of the well or well, the water level and its expected flow.
A vibration pump is chosen when the amount of water spent per day does not exceed 1 cubic meter. It is inexpensive, does not create problems during operation and maintenance, and its repair is simple. But if water is consumed from 1 to 4 cubic meters or water is located at a distance of 50 m, it is better to purchase a centrifugal model.
Typically the kit includes:
- an operating relay, which is responsible for supplying and blocking voltage to the pump when the system is emptying or filling; The device can be immediately configured at the factory; self-tuning for specific conditions is also allowed:
- a collector that supplies and distributes water to all points of consumption;
- pressure gauge for measuring pressure.
Manufacturers offer ready-made pumping stations adapted to specific requirements, but a self-assembled system will work most efficiently. The system is also equipped with a sensor that blocks its operation during dry running: it disconnects the engine from power.
Sensors for protection against overload and integrity of the main pipeline, as well as a power regulator, ensure safe operation of the equipment.
Connecting the pressure switch to the water supply system
When installing a relay in a water intake system, the following rules must be observed.
- The hydraulic accumulator for water supply systems and the point of connection of the device to the water supply are located nearby - this will avoid switching the pump during sudden short-term pressure surges.
- When installing, you should take into account the temperature regime - some models operate only in warm conditions.
- To simplify installation, modern surface-type pumps are equipped with a fitting to which a relay and pressure gauge can be directly connected.
Connecting a pressure switch to a submersible pump can be done in two ways:
- The device is connected to water pipes through a tee using an adapter fitting.
- Before connecting the hydraulic accumulator to the submersible pump, a five-pin fitting is connected to it, the connected devices (hydraulic accumulator, pressure gauge, relay) and the water main are connected at one point.
Choosing an installation location
For correct operation of the equipment, the pressure switch must be connected to the pump in such a way as to avoid the influence of turbulence and sudden pressure changes when the pumping equipment is turned on and during its operation. The best place for this is in the immediate vicinity of the hydraulic accumulator.
Before installing the pressure switch, pay attention to the operating mode recommended by the manufacturer, in particular, the permissible temperature and humidity values. Some models can only work in heated rooms.
In the classic scheme for connecting a pressure switch to a deep-water pump for an autonomous water supply, the following equipment is installed in front of the relay:
- pumping unit,
- check valve,
- pipeline,
- flow shut-off valve,
- drainage to the sewer,
- filter for preliminary (coarse) cleaning.
When using many modern models of surface-type pumping units, installing a water pressure switch for a pump can be much simpler: block installation is carried out when the relay is installed together with the pump. The pumping unit has a special fitting, so the user does not need to independently search for the most suitable installation location. The check valve and filters for water purification in such models are often built-in.
Connecting the pressure switch to a submersible pump can also be done by placing the hydraulic accumulator in the caisson and even in the well itself, since waterproof design of the control equipment is often required and the operating conditions of the pressure switch may allow its location in such places.
The connection diagram for a pressure switch and a pumping station with a surface pump differs slightly from the diagram with a submersible unit in the sequence of arrangement of some elements
Obviously, the choice of installation method and location depends on the design of the equipment; usually all recommendations in this regard are indicated by the manufacturer in the accompanying documentation.
Electrical connection diagram
Depending on the needs of the user and his financial capabilities, you can choose one of the methods of connecting the deep pump to the electrical network.
Without automation
Without auxiliary control devices, the pump is connected using a pre-installed electrical outlet with a grounding contact. The pump is also grounded. For this purpose, the main bus of the house is used, connecting to the existing ground loop of the building.
A three-core cable is used to supply electricity to the outlet. The power supply voltage of the submersible pump is 220V. 380-volt or 150-volt outlets cannot be used.
Via pressure switch
To reduce the cost of a set of pressure equipment, you can use a connection diagram for a well pump only with a pressure switch without a control unit. The device turns off the pump when the pressure reaches a maximum, and starts it when the pressure drops to a minimum.
Using control unit
When selecting an automation model, you first need to find out what protective system is already installed in the pump by the manufacturer. Modern devices are already protected from overheating and idle operation. Sometimes the equipment is equipped with a float mechanism. Taking this data into account, you can choose one of three automation options - simple, with a second or third generation electric control unit.
The simplest protection is most often used for automatic water supply. The control unit here is assembled from three devices:
- Dry running blocker. It will turn off the device, which operates without water, preventing overheating. Sometimes the additional installation of a float switch is allowed. It performs the same functions, turning off the pumping equipment when the water level drops, preventing it from overheating. The devices may seem primitive, but they provide effective protection for the electric motor.
- Hydraulic accumulator. Without it, it will not be possible to provide automatic water supply. The hydraulic tank works as a water storage tank. Inside there is a working mechanism - a diaphragm.
- Pressure switch equipped with a pressure gauge. This device allows you to configure the operation of relay contacts.
It is not difficult to equip pressure equipment with simple automation with your own hands. The principle of operation of the system is simple: as water flows, the pressure in the hydraulic tank decreases. When the minimum value is reached, the relay starts the pressure equipment, which pumps water into the storage tank. When the pressure in the hydraulic accumulator reaches its maximum, the relay device turns off the installation. As water is consumed, the cycle repeats.
The pressure limits in the storage tank are adjusted using a relay. In the device, using a pressure gauge, the minimum and maximum response parameters are set.
In second-generation automation, the connection is made through an electrical unit with a set of sensors. They are mounted directly on pressure equipment, as well as inside the water supply network, and allow the system to function without a hydraulic tank. The impulse from the sensors goes to the electronic unit, which controls the system.
Operation of pressure equipment with this scheme for connecting a submersible well pump to automation:
- Liquid accumulates only in the water supply where one of the sensors is installed.
- When the pressure drops, the sensor sends a pulse to the control unit, which starts the pump.
- After reaching the required pressure of the water flow in the water supply, the pump is turned off according to a similar scheme.
To install such automation, you will need basic knowledge of electrical engineering. This and the previous protection work almost identically - based on water pressure. However, the electric unit with sensors is more expensive, which is why it is not so popular among consumers. Even when using automation, you don’t have to use a hydraulic tank, although if there is a power outage, you won’t be left without water. There is always a reserve left in the drive.
Third generation automation is reliable, high quality and expensive. Its installation allows you to significantly save on electricity due to ultra-precise tuning of the electric motor. The connection diagram for advanced automation to a deep well pump is very complex, so you should contact a professional to connect it. But it provides complete protection of the motor from various breakdowns, for example, overheating during dry running or burning of the windings during power surges.
The unit operates from sensors without a hydraulic tank. Efficiency is achieved through fine adjustments.
Is a hydraulic accumulator really necessary?
A reasonable question: is it possible to do without a hydraulic accumulator? In principle, this is possible, but with a conventional automation unit the pump will turn on and off very often, reacting even to insignificant water flow. After all, the amount of water in the pressure pipeline is small, and the slightest flow of water will lead to a rapid drop in pressure and an equally rapid increase when the pump is turned on. It is precisely so that the pump does not turn on every time you “sneeze” that they install a hydraulic accumulator, at least a small one. Since water is an incompressible substance, air is pumped into the accumulator, which, unlike water, is highly compressible and acts as a kind of damper that regulates the accumulation and flow of water. If there is no air in the accumulator or too little air, then there will be nothing to compress, that is, there will be no accumulation of water.
Ideally, the capacity of hydraulic accumulators should be only slightly less than the debit of your water source, and the pump, in this case, will turn on only when some fairly decent supply of water has been used up, i.e. very rarely, but for a long time. But then it will be very expensive.
Now pumping stations with improved automation units with built-in dry-running protection have appeared on sale, which smoothly start and stop the pump and regulate its power depending on the set pressure. It is believed that, in principle, they do not need a hydraulic accumulator. But all this works well only in the absence of voltage surges, which our outback and holiday villages cannot boast of. And, unfortunately, stabilizers do not always save you from this disaster. In addition, the price of such a station is very often much higher than usual, which, it seems to me, does not justify itself.
Can the regulator be installed vertically rather than horizontally?
Most manufacturers recommend installing this type of product only on horizontal sections of the pipeline.
Despite this, there are often cases when only vertical installation is possible . For example, due to small space.
You should be aware that vertical installation of the regulator can lead to its unstable operation. It is possible that the RDV will not be able to withstand the pressure parameters specified by the manufacturer.
Another danger, especially for piston-type regulators, is the ingress of small mechanical particles. This happens due to a violation of filtration caused by a change in the position of the gearbox.
When installed vertically, the regulator must be equipped with an additional filter to protect it from the ingress of fine debris (dirt, sand). This precaution is completely unnecessary. This will reduce the likelihood of rapid failure of the device.
Some developers create gearboxes whose performance does not depend on location. The devices can be mounted both horizontally and vertically.
The cost of such RDVs is much higher, the range is not very large. But when installing such a pressure regulator, you will not need to worry about the quality of its work.
Is it possible to use your pressure switch with your pump?
The pressure switch connects not only to electricity, but also to water. For water connection there is a nut that is rigidly attached to the relay. This means that when screwing the pressure switch to the pump, you will have to twist the relay itself. Thus, first of all, figure out whether you have the ability to turn this relay clockwise on the pump? Will it fit? Will it hit other pipes or the pump housing itself?
We will assume that this issue has been resolved positively, since otherwise you need to look on the spot and, for example, take care of some kind of extension cord or something similar.
The pressure switch has a water inlet that is not quite standard in diameter. For most household relays this is a quarter inch. For professional relays, the connection diameter may be larger. You should definitely take care of this issue and, if necessary, buy a brass adapter for the required diameter.
Previously, in the production of automatic pumping stations, a special and completely standard part was used, popularly called a herringbone. This is such a nice piece of brass pipe, 10 or 12 centimeters long and 1 inch in diameter. The herringbone is screwed at one end onto the outlet pipe of the pump and has standard “outputs” for connecting a pressure gauge, pressure switch, accumulator tank and the water line itself. Now everything has become much more complicated. There are pumps where the pressure switch is screwed directly onto the pump or into very inappropriate, at first glance, places. This variety makes my job of writing detailed instructions quite difficult.
Installation of the device through the company, price
The inability to do the work yourself, most often, forces you to seek help from specialists. Where to find good plumbers and how much the service will cost is a concern for every customer.
There are several options to find masters:
- seek advice from friends and acquaintances;
- contact the management company;
- search for information on the Internet with offers of services for the installation of plumbing equipment in a specific region.
The cost of installing a pressure reducer may vary, judging by the price lists available on various websites. The minimum price starts from 1000 rubles. It should be remembered that this is only payment for the installation of the gearbox, without taking into account related work.
The on-site visit of a specialist will also be included in the calculation . For a country house, this amount will probably be higher than for a city apartment if the executing company is located within the city limits.
In order for the solution to the issue of installing the RDV to have a positive result, you must first obtain competent advice from a good specialist, and then make a decision about the work.
Relay adjustment
When purchased, the relay is configured for a specific switching mode, standard values are 1.4 and 2.8 atm, that is, at 2.8 atm. the pump will be turned off and turned on if the pressure is less than 1.4 atm. Usually, when installing a device into a system, you need to select a response threshold - for this you need to know what pressure the pump in the well provides.
If the pressure of the well pump is 2 atm, and the standard value of 2.8 atm remains in the relay, then the pump will never turn off (it physically cannot create a pressure that reaches the response threshold) and after intensive work will go to eternal rest. A less tragic situation is when the pump can produce a pressure of 5 atm, and the relay turns it off at 2.8 atm. In this case, the system does not work efficiently and it is advisable to install a device that matches the pressure of the well water pump.
To take measurements when adjusting the relay, you need a pressure gauge; the work consists of the following steps.
- Water begins to be drained from the system, and the pump activation pressure is recorded on the pressure gauge.
- Close the valves and record the pressure gauge readings at which the pump turns off.
- Adjust the device with a large screw, periodically turning the water on and off until the desired lower pressure value is obtained.
- Then they proceed to adjusting the range that sets the upper pressure with a small screw. The water is also periodically turned on and off until the required value is obtained.
Before first use.
Before turning it on for the first time, you need to either immerse the motor in water if it is submersible, or fill it with water if it is surface-mounted. This information is not relevant to the topic of the current article. Perhaps I will write about this in another article.
If we have checked and prepared everything, then we flip the switch and the motor starts working. This means that we have connected everything correctly!.
We run to the pump and watch with bated breath as the pressure rises. We have a pressure gauge for this. Let's assume it rose to 1.5 atmospheres and the pump turned off. Hooray! Everything is working. All that remains is to set the relay to the desired pressure. But before that, we open the water in the toilet (shout to someone from our family, or call if the house is large) and watch how the pressure begins to drop. Let's assume it dropped to 1 atmosphere and the pump turned on. Yes! Everything really works.
Why assemble the pumping station yourself.
First of all, it seems to me that you should assemble the pumping station yourself if you already have some of its components, usually the most expensive ones. This is a pump and a hydraulic accumulator. Because the cost of the pump is approximately half the cost of the pumping station, respectively, the hydraulic accumulator is approximately a third. That is, it makes no sense to buy a new pumping station if your accumulator is crushed in winter or the pump burns out for some reason. You can buy both separately and simply replace what is broken; fortunately, the pump fasteners and the hydraulic accumulator mounting platform are, as a rule, standard and you can connect one to the other without much difficulty.
Another reason to assemble a pumping station yourself may be a discrepancy between your requirements and the characteristics of the equipment of the finished pumping station. For example, you need a pump with higher pressure or water flow than the pumping stations offered to you, and what suits you in terms of characteristics does not suit you in terms of cost or reliability. Either the dimensions of the pumping station are too large for the place where you are going, or you are not satisfied with the capacity of the hydraulic accumulator, well, etc. You just need to keep in mind that the final cost of the pumping station may well be much more than what you planned.
The third, most common option is when you are forced to assemble a distributed pumping station due to very... As a rule, in this case, a powerful submersible pump is used, and a hydraulic accumulator with an automation unit is installed somewhere at home.
Equipment selection rules
For autonomous water supply systems, you should choose a relay for household use
Such systems are characterized by basic parameters: the maximum pressure value is no more than 5 atmospheres, operating pressure values are usually in the range from 1.4 to 2.8 atm. When setting up the relay, it is important to remember that the magnitude of the difference between the limit values (settings on the springs) directly affects the volume of water that the pump, with such settings, will pump into the accumulator reservoir. A large volume means that the pumping unit will turn on less often, but the technical capabilities of the system must not be exceeded in this regard. You should not save excessively by purchasing a relay of unknown origin.
Such equipment will not only fail to ensure correct operation, but will also most likely cause damage to other equipment included in the system. Connecting the automatic pump and pressure switch together with a high-quality pressure gauge installed next to the relay will allow you to monitor the operating parameters of the system and help detect violations at an early stage, when there are still no external manifestations.
We have information about hydraulic accumulators here
What models are there and what is important when choosing them
We talked about ways to clean a well in this material.
Download
If the topic interests you more deeply, I recommend that you read the literature listed on the page.
Here is one of the books listed there: • Lomonosov, V.Yu.; Polivanov, K.M.; Mikhailov, O.P. Electrical engineering. / Lomonosov, V.Yu.; Polivanov, K.M.; Mikhailov, O.P. Electrical engineering. One of the best books on the basics of electrical engineering. The presentation begins with the very basics: it explains what voltage, current and resistance are, provides instructions for calculating the simplest electrical circuits, and talks about the relationship and interdependence of electrical and magnetic phenomena. Explains what alternating current is and how an alternating current generator works. It describes what a capacitor is and what an inductor is, what their role is in alternating current circuits. It is explained what three-phase current is, how three-phase current generators are designed and how its transmission is organized. A separate chapter is devoted to semiconductor devices: it talks about semiconductor diodes, transistors and thyristors; on the use of semiconductor devices for rectifying alternating current and as semiconductor switches. The achievements of microelectronics are briefly described. The last third of the book is entirely devoted to electrical machines, units and equipment: chapter 10 deals with direct current machines (generators and motors); Chapter 11 is devoted to transformers; AC machines (single-phase and three-phase, synchronous and asynchronous) are described in detail in Chapter 12; switches, electromagnets and relays are described in Chapter 13; Chapter 14 deals with electrical diagramming. The last, chapter 15, is devoted to measurements in electrical engineering. This book is an excellent way to learn the basics of electrical engineering, to understand the fundamental principles of the operation of electrical machines and units., zip, 13.87 MB, downloaded: 2579 times./
Settings
To configure the pressure switch, it is necessary to set the operating pressure in the system. To do this, after assembling the circuit, the equipment should be turned on and wait for automatic shutdown when the relay is activated. After this, the roof is removed and the settings are performed in the following sequence:
- Loosen the nut that presses the smaller spring.
- Set the required minimum pressure value (pump activation parameter). Rotating the large spring nut clockwise increases the set pressure value, and in the opposite direction decreases it.
- Having opened the tap, they empty the system, monitoring the automatic response threshold using a pressure gauge. If the result is unsatisfactory, adjust the setting.
- The pump shutdown parameter can be adjusted in the same way by rotating the nut on the second (smaller) spring.
To supply water to a house from a borehole or well source, pressure equipment is required. Submersible models are most often used because they are easy to use and unpretentious. To independently assemble a water supply system, you need to have an idea of the diagram and connection features of a submersible pump so that it functions correctly.
Operating principle and components of the device
By its design, the device is a small block containing special springs. One of them is adjusted to maximum pressure, and the other to minimum. Their adjustment can be carried out using special nuts located on top.
You can familiarize yourself with the structure of the relay visually
A membrane is attached directly to the springs, reacting to changes in pressure in a certain way. At the minimum value, the metal spiral is stretched, and at the maximum, compression occurs. Thus, the contacts close and open.
The operating procedure of the device is approximately as follows.
- At the initial stage, water is wasted from the expansion tank, which leads to a decrease in pressure in the circuit. When it drops to the lower threshold, the pump turns on.
- Water is pumped into the main tank until it is filled to a certain level. As a result, the pressure increases. Once it reaches the upper threshold, the supply equipment is turned off.
A pressure gauge is needed to take pressure readings
Note! To find out the pressure in the membrane tank, you should unscrew the cap with the nipple, and then attach a special measuring device to it - a pressure gauge.
How to connect a pump to a well and water supply
Before installing a submersible pump, thorough cleaning of the well shaft is required. For this purpose, using a temporary pump, liquid is pumped out of the column until all sand and impurities are removed. To protect the pressure device from water hammer, you need to install a non-return valve on it.
The pump is connected to the well in the following sequence:
- The pipeline is being installed. When connecting the pump to a rigid pipe between it and the main line that transfers water to the consumer, it is better to insert a small piece of flexible hose to dampen the vibration of the electric motor.
- A cable, electrical wire, or hose are connected to the device.
- The device is smoothly lowered into the well.
- When the pump reaches the bottom, it is raised half a meter to a meter.
- The cable is rigidly fixed, the cable is connected to the electrical network, the hose is connected to the rest of the system and laid in the mounting channels.
What are the advantages of a ready-made automation module?
- The finished module is precisely configured to interact with a specific type of hydraulic equipment.
- A smooth start is guaranteed, which means that the possibility of water hammer is excluded.
- There is no need to waste time and effort on assembling the module, setting up devices and synchronizing components, since the manufacturer has already taken care of this.
The ready-made kit also has a disadvantage - the consumer does not have the opportunity to select individual parameters for each element. Requirements for placement
Quick and unobstructed access must be provided to the installation site of the module. The most optimal location for automation is as close as possible to the source of water supply.
To achieve uniform water pressure at different points and prevent a drop in pressure, the automatic module is located close to the collector unit.
There is no point in saving on automation, since it is with its help that the required pressure is maintained in the water supply system, an uninterrupted water supply is ensured, and the pumping equipment will be protected from breakdowns.
And in what cases is it justified to assemble a pumping station from disparate parts that can be bought in a store?
Frequent malfunctions
Awareness of the main malfunctions that can occur with the water pressure switch will help to avoid long shutdowns and equally lengthy repairs.
The most common malfunctions include:
- A break in the supply wire requires finding the location of the circuit break and then eliminating it.
- Jamming of relay contacts - eliminated during equipment inspection;
- Oxidation of contacts or carbon deposits is also done by disassembling and cleaning the device;
- Failure of the sensitive element of the relay will require either replacement of only one membrane, or the entire device.
