Steel Shx15 characteristics application hardening

Structural bearing steel ШХ15

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Brand ШХ15 – purpose

Structural bearing steel ШХ15 is used for the manufacture of parts with high contact strength/hardness/wear resistance - balls Ø up to 150 mm, rollers Ø up to 23 mm, rings with wall thickness up to 14 mm, pusher rollers, nozzle bodies, discharge valves, plungers and bushings, other products.

Material ШХ15 - characteristics

Forging

cutting

Steel ШХ15 – chemical composition

Mass fraction of elements no more than, %:

Material ШХ15 – mechanical properties

Impact strength, J/cm2

Brand ШХ15 – physical properties

Steel ШХ15 – exact and closest foreign analogues

Material ShKh15 – area of ​​application

ShKh15 grade steel is used for the manufacture of parts with high contact strength/hardness/wear resistance.

Mechanical properties

Weldability

Physical properties

You can buy structural bearing steel ШХ15 in St. Petersburg by calling +. Specialists will place your order and advise you on the assortment, prices, and delivery conditions.

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Description

ShKh15 steel is used : for the production of seamless cold- and hot-deformed pipes intended for the manufacture of rings of ball and roller bearings; balls with a diameter of up to 150 mm, rollers with a diameter of up to 23 mm; plunger bushings, plungers; discharge valves; nozzle bodies; pusher rollers and other parts that require high hardness, wear resistance and contact strength; round annealed wire with a diameter of 1.4−10.0 mm for the manufacture of balls, rollers and bearing rings.

Note

Steel ШХ15Ф-Ш electroslag remelted is additionally alloyed with vanadium.

Rolling bearing materials

The materials from which the bearing is made determine the performance and reliability of rolling bearings. The hardness of the bearing ring material is necessary to ensure bearing load capacity, fatigue strength in the rolling contact area, and dimensional stability of bearing parts. Cage material also has requirements for friction, strength, inertia, etc. Corrosion, elevated temperatures, shock loads, and combinations of these and other conditions can also affect the overall material requirements for bearing rings, rolling elements, and cage. For example, if there is a risk of electrical breakdown at the bearing installation site, then a bearing with ceramic rolling elements and steel rings or an all-ceramic bearing can be selected. It is also possible (but rare) to coat a standard bearing with special polymer substances to provide corrosion resistance or electrical insulation.

The most common volume-hardened steel is chromium steel, containing approximately 1% carbon and 1.5% chromium according to ISO 683-17:1999. In the domestic industry, such steel is designated ShKh15. This steel is the oldest and most studied grade in existence due to the ever-increasing demands on bearing life. It can be considered the most balanced in terms of technological and consumer characteristics. After hardening martensite or bainite, its hardness ranges from 58 to 65 HRC (or 179 to 207 MPa Brinell hardness).

Surface induction hardening makes it possible to selectively harden the raceway, while the rest of the part is not affected by the hardening process.

There is also the concept of cementing steel. These are chromium-nickel and chromium-manganese steels according to ISO 683-17:1999 with a carbon content of approximately 0.15%

They are used for high interference fits and heavy shock loads.

Those. In practice, this means increasing the load capacity of the bearing while maintaining the bearing's resistance to shock loads. Because “inside” the steel, the hardness did not increase and the impact load does not disturb the structure of the steel; it is gently distributed over the steel. Many bearing manufacturers have ceased to classify case-hardened steel bearings as a separate subclass, considering them interchangeable with standard ones. You can usually recognize case-hardened steel bearings by their prefix - for example, HC3xxxxJR from KOYO or HR3xxxxJ from NSK. The prefixes HR and HC indicate this.

Another commonly mentioned class of steel for bearings is stainless steel.

The most common types of stainless steels used for bearing rings and rolling elements are high chromium steels grade X65Cr14 according to ISO 683-17:1999 and grade X105CrMo17 according to EN 10088-1:1995. The domestic analogue of such steel is 9X18

There are also exotic heat-resistant, high-alloy steels of type 80MoCrV42-16 according to the ISO 683-17:1999 standard for bearings operating for a long time at temperatures above 250 degrees.

The most exotic thing was and is ceramics in bearings, be it rolling elements or bearing rings. The most commonly used is silicon nitride. Its structure (thin elongated beta-silicon nitride particles arranged in a crystalline phase matrix) provides the favorable combination of high hardness, low density, low coefficient of thermal expansion, high electrical resistance, low dielectric constant and insensitivity to magnetic fields.

physical characteristics

Application

ShKh15 grade steel is in demand for creating parts and products for which the main requirement is contact strength, increased wear resistance and exceptional hardness. These include:

• balls with a cross-section up to 150 mm;
• rollers with a cross section of up to 23 mm;
• nozzle bodies;
• bushings for plungers and the plungers themselves;
• discharge valves;
• bearing rings with wall thickness within 14 mm.

During operation, all of the listed parts experience significant load simultaneously, while it is distributed over a very small plane. This leads to the frequent occurrence of alternating stresses in areas at a level of 3-5 MN/m2 (300-500 kgf/cm2). Such a load dictates its own characteristics of steel hardening - its temperature is very high, this is the only way to give the material the required level of strength.

It should also be noted that such effects do not pass without leaving a trace on the metal. They always cause deformation of the balls and rollers of bearings to a greater or lesser extent. Over time, “metal fatigue” occurs and cracks appear on the bearing. When passing such a section, an impact occurs, it only increases the deformation, and ultimately the bearing will be damaged. Nowadays, ShKh15 steel, which began its “life” as a tool alloy, has changed its purpose and turned into one of the best materials for making knives and blades. This alloy is subject to heat treatment, so it can be easily given any desired shape, at the same time increasing the level of strength and hardness.

Blades made from this material serve faithfully for many years. Abrasion resistance allows you to reduce the frequency of sharpening the cutting base and at the same time maintain optimal blade sharpness for a long period of time. A distinctive feature of such knives is their bioinertness, a neutral reaction to the action of acid-base media and water. In this case, the surface of the knife is not subject to oxidation and does not become rusty. Such tools exhibit high cutting ability. They easily cope with cutting pieces of meat of different densities and thicknesses. They are used for quickly chopping vegetables, slicing sausages, cheese, and bread.

Areas of application

The use of ShKh15 steel is largely due to the high hardness and strength of the structure, as well as insignificant corrosion resistance and wear resistance. The alloy is used to obtain:

1. Balls used in the manufacture of bearings. During the operation of bearings, this element is subjected to strong mechanical stress. Therefore, special attention is paid to their production; the product is often hardened.
2. Rollers with a diameter of up to 23 mm. Roller bearings that are designed for heavy loads are also available for sale.
3. Plungers.
4. Discharge valves. They are also subject to significant impacts at the time of operation.
5. Push rollers.

Steel ball for bearing ШХ-15

The fact that the ShKh 15 alloy is called a bearing alloy determines its use in the creation of such products. They can withstand long-term use, withstand friction and other mechanical stress, and high temperature.

Basic properties of steel

In industry, ball bearing steel ШХ 15 is widely used. This is due to the special performance characteristics that allow the use of metal in the creation of bearings and blades. The name steel comes from the fact that almost all bearings are made using this material.

The characteristics of steel ШХ15 are as follows:

1. Increased surface hardness. The bearings and cutting edge of the blade are subject to wear during operation. To ensure that the surface of the product does not react to mechanical stress, the hardness index increases significantly.
2. Wear resistance determines that the surface does not react to friction and other impacts. Metal ШХ9 and ШХ15 are characterized by high wear resistance, so the created products can last for a long period.
3. Corrosion resistance can also be called an attractive quality of the metal in question. Rust that appears on the surface reduces the service life of the product. ShKh15 steel does not belong to stainless steel. Therefore, one should not count on high resistance to high humidity and chemically aggressive environments.
4. Resistance to crushing. Point exposure to high loads can lead to the formation of a dent, but the metal in question is characterized by high resistance to such effects.
5. Plasticity and viscosity are also taken into account when creating various products.
6. The structure lends itself perfectly to heat treatment. As a rule, hardening is carried out after giving the required shape and size. In addition to hardening, annealing and forging are performed, which can also improve the structure of the material.
7. The tendency to temper brittleness determines that structural defects may appear after hardening. They can increase the fragility of the resulting product.
8. Poor weldability. They were able to increase the hardness by increasing the carbon concentration. However, this chemical element significantly complicates the welding process. As a rule, to improve the quality of the weld, the workpiece is heated.

Properties of bearing steel ШХ 15

Steel grade ShKh15, which is deciphered in accordance with established GOST standards, lends itself well to various types of processing and is resistant to crushing. In addition, the surface is characterized by high hardness. The temperature of the critical points is quite high; it is taken into account when carrying out heat treatment.

Decoding steel

• Ш - ball bearing steel;
• X - the presence of the alloying element chromium in a volume of no more than 1.5%.

Processing Features

Today, heat treatment is carried out to increase the basic qualities of the metal quite often. Among the features we note:

1. ShKh15 is hardened quite often. It allows you to significantly increase the hardness of the surface layer. It is worth considering that after hardening it is quite difficult to sharpen the cutting edge. Hardened steel ShKh 15 is difficult to process by cutting. That is why hardening is carried out after giving the workpiece the required shape and size. Heat treatment modes largely depend on the temperature of critical points. It is worth considering that cooling in water leads to the formation of structural and surface deformations. Cooling in the open air is carried out only in case of large product sizes.
2. Annealing of ShKh15 steel is carried out at a temperature of about 800 degrees Celsius. This treatment eliminates internal stresses that cause cracks and other defects. As a rule, annealing is carried out after hardening the product. To carry out such a process, various equipment can be used.
3. The workpiece can also be forged, for which it is heated to 1150 degrees Celsius. Cooling is carried out outdoors or in a pit. When forging, the structure of the material becomes more dense and resistant to various impacts.

When considering the main qualities, the tendency to temper brittleness is taken into account, as well as the ability to carry out cutting processing. A variety of equipment can be used for heat treatment. The high melting point means that improvement is extremely rare at home.

ShKh15 steel for knives: pros, cons and its characteristics

Each type of steel has its own properties and characteristics, positive and negative sides, which are used in the production of knives for various purposes. ShKh15 steel is one of those that is used for the manufacture of knives and other cutting tools. Refers to carbon low-alloy chromium alloys.

Initially, ShKh15 metal was intended for the production of rollers and balls for bearings due to its increased hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance. That’s why steel was called bearing steel, although in Europe craftsmen widely used it to make knives.

The feasibility of its use was due to its high wear resistance, hardness and so-called contact strength. Simply put, when working with very strong materials for a long time, the product does not deform and retains its structure and properties, does not break, does not crumble into crumbs.

Its Russian analogues and substitutes are steel grades ШХ9, ШХ12, ШХ15СГ. The alloy is also widely used abroad, but is used mainly for the manufacture of household cutting tools.

Alloys of similar or similar composition are produced in the USA, European Union countries, Australia, South Korea, and China.

Steel - for quality knives

Starting its “life” as a production tool steel, ШХ15 over time has turned into one of the best for making knives, and today it is characterized by versatility in use.

The alloy lends itself well to heat treatment, so it is actively used for the manufacture of knives, acquiring the required shape and several times increasing its strength and reliability. At the same time, the wear resistance of the knives, ensured by the high hardness of the steel, increases significantly.

The blade, made of steel Шх15, serves for a long time. Pronounced wear resistance allows you to sharpen the cutting edge infrequently, which, in turn, maintains the sharpness of the blade for a long time.

The Shx15 alloy is used in the manufacture of tactical knives, boot knives, and NKVD gift knives that will decorate any collection. Hunting knives perfectly demonstrate the best properties of steel.

They retain the sharpness of the blade even when processing materials with a hard structure: branches, animal bones.

It has excellent cutting properties: it copes well with cutting meat of various thicknesses and densities, processing poultry carcasses, chopping vegetables, slicing cheese and baked goods.

Using SHH15 knives turns working in the kitchen into a pleasant experience, and timely care of such a knife will allow it to be used for a long time.

ShKh15 steel is one of the most popular for the production of knives and other cutting tools. Products made from the alloy of this brand perform well in everyday life and can be a wonderful gift, high-quality and durable.

The higher the accuracy class the better

If the bearing is not intended for installation on precision equipment, then the accuracy class is not of fundamental importance. Machining quality with an accuracy of several microns is simply necessary for high-speed components, and is not at all required for most industrial units. High-precision bearings cannot be replaced by units of a lower class of processing cleanliness - such an improvement will affect the deterioration of the equipment’s performance, even to the point of failure.

Replacing conventional bearings with high-precision ones does not make sense - an expensive precision bearing will not significantly improve the operation of the unit.

Photo: bestbearing.com.ua

Features of use

The interpretation of steel ШХ15 speaks for itself, but it is worth adding that 15 is an indicator of the amount of chromium in the material, which is contained there in the amount of 1.5%.

When operating products made from this steel in a metastable environment with high loads, geometric changes in the dimensions of the part are quite possible. After observing hardened samples and their changes in size, as well as after conducting x-ray studies, people found that in order to stabilize a substance such as martensite, it is necessary to harden the raw material for 2-4 hours at a temperature of 150 degrees Celsius. If it is necessary to stabilize martensite for further operation of the substance at elevated temperature conditions, then the tempering process must take place at a temperature threshold that will exceed the operating temperature by 50-100 degrees Celsius.

It can be noted that the main reason why, after quenching and tempering, steel changes its geometric parameters is the influence of retained austenite. To give a clear example, we can imagine the following statement: 1% of authensite, when transformed into martensite, will change the size of the part by 1•10-4. For a clearer definition, this means that the size change will occur by 10 microns for every 100 mm of size.

Mechanical characteristics

Material ShKh15 Chelyabinsk

Not a single production can operate without steel, be it heavy engineering or the manufacture of household electrical appliances. There are many brands of this product, as well as a large number of dispensing forms. Our company sells ShKh15 material in large quantities and with a minimal margin. To clarify the properties and characteristics of a particular brand, you can contact the company’s managers.

Like all products, ShKh15 material is purchased from leading manufacturers. Therefore, we are ready to provide a quality guarantee with full responsibility. The minimum number of intermediaries determines the low cost. Coupled with fast delivery, this enables our business partners to conduct stable and mutually beneficial cooperation.

In addition to tempering, in the form of one or another part (blank), our company carries out metal processing. All events undergo strict control for compliance with GOST and rules. The specialists of our company carry out such work as galvanizing, creating parts according to customer drawings, producing castings, manufacturing various profiles and much more.

Having the latest equipment and vast experience in our arsenal, we can offer product testing for a number of parameters, such as strength characteristics, chemical composition, alloy purity, and so on.

Each buyer is offered a huge range of products in various formats, as well as current services and works. To quickly understand and choose a product that meets your needs, you need to contact the company manager and receive detailed information on all issues of interest.

Characteristics of bearing alloys

Ball bearing steel, which is used for the manufacture of rolling bearings, regularly experiences alternating loads. Repeated pressure on any area of ​​the roller rings or balls causes the creation of local stress.

The stress can periodically reach 500 kgf/cm2, which can cause minor deformation of the rolling product. At first glance, it may seem that nothing bad has happened, but since stress regularly affects the bearing, after some time cracks appear on it.

Also, during operation, bearings wear out significantly, so areas with abrasion appear on them. Wear is caused by stress and friction during operation. During operation, small particles may break off, acting as an abrasive, which leads to premature wear due to abrasion.

The abrasion factors of a part are influenced by the following factors:

• chemical characteristics of the environment where the part is used;
• build quality of the product itself;
• the number of abrasive particles in the product.

If a part is operated in a very active mode, then structural elements can wear out much earlier than failure occurs due to fatigue deformation. If combined loads are placed on the bearings, the service life of the steel will be significantly reduced.

Since all elements are constantly in direct contact with each other, a prerequisite for the production of bearing steels is the exclusion of foreign impurities from their composition

It is important that the alloy is homogeneous, since small changes in the material will cause cracks and other damage to occur during operation. All bearing steels must have low brittleness and high fatigue resistance in metal alloys

Also, based on the scope of application, alloys must be resistant to mechanical wear and characterized by strength.

Chemical composition

ShKh15 steel has an unusual chemical composition, which determines its working properties. This brand belongs to low-alloy chromium alloys, which is due to a large number of base additives, which impart the same strength and wear resistance. The composition includes the following elements:

1. Carbon (0.95-1%) – its fairly high concentration allows one to achieve increased hardness of the structure.
2. Manganese (0.2-0.4%) is present in almost all steels. It is used to remove oxygen and sulfur from steel. It also has a beneficial effect on the ductility and weldability of steels.
3. Silicon (0.17-0.37%) - used in steel smelting, has a positive effect on strength and improves the effect of other components. In combination with manganese or molybdenum, silicon provides higher hardenability of steel.
4. Chromium (1.35-1.65%) – chromium ensures the alloy’s resistance to rust, but only if its content exceeds 13%. Therefore, ШХ15 is characterized by low corrosion resistance. A small amount of chromium determines that it does not form its own carbides, remains in solid solution and can be part of cementite. The structure is characterized by homogeneity with small carbides. It is this property that leads to increased wear resistance.

Decoding

At first glance, it may seem that the name of the alloy “ShKh15” is a simple set of beech. However, this is not at all true; these letters are abbreviation symbols and carry a semantic load. A person who knows at least a little about metal markings can extract some useful information from this name:

• Ш - according to GOST, all bearing steels are marked with this letter;
• X – means the presence of chromium in the chemical composition of steel;
• 15 is the percentage of chromium (1.5%).

GOST

State standards regulate the production stages, characteristics, properties of all steels, ShKh15 is no exception. All detailed information about bearing steels is contained in GOST 801-78. The permissible limit of elements in the chemical composition, correct hardening, correct labeling, application, etc. are indicated here. Also, for each individual product for the production of which ShKh15 is used, it has its own GOST. Types of material supply:

Decoding the brand

In deciphering the steel grade ShKh15:

• the letter “Ш” indicates that the alloy belongs to the class of bearing steels;
• the sign “X” indicates alloying of the metal with chromium;
• the numbers in the labeling reveal the mass fraction of chromium.

The chemical composition of the alloy is regulated by GOST 801-78:

• carbon – 0.95-1.05%;
• chromium – 1.4-1.65%;
• manganese – up to 0.4%;
• silicon – 0.17-0.37%;
• nickel – 0.3%;
• copper – 0.25%;
• sulfur – 0.2%;
• phosphorus – up to 0.27%.

ShKh15 steel belongs to the category of low-alloy alloys. Carbon gives the metal the necessary hardness. The amount of chromium in the alloy is not enough to make it completely stainless. However, it has enhanced anti-corrosion properties. Manganese and silicon increase strength and partially neutralize the influence of harmful impurities - sulfur and phosphorus, the content of which is reduced to a minimum.

The alloy has analogues in Russia and other countries. Domestic substitutes - ShKh9, ShKh 12, ShKh15SG. Among foreign analogues:

• 52100 – United States;
• 1.3505 – Germany;
• SUJ2 – Japan;
• 100C6 – France;
• 2S135 – Great Britain;
• 100Cr6 – Italy;
• F.1310 – Spain;
• 2258 – Sweden;
• STB2 – South Korea;
• GCr15 – China;
• 5210 – Australia;
• GO3 – Hungary.

The range of metallurgical products entering the market consists of several types, which are regulated by individual GOSTs:

• sheet metal, including long and shaped;
• calibrated rod;
• silverfish;
• strips and wires.

Alloy properties

The characteristics and application of ShKh15 steel are determined by the composition of alloying additives and the features of further heat treatment:

• hardness – 61-64 HRC;
• density – 7812 kg/m3;
• electrical resistivity – 390*109 Ohm*m;
• elastic modulus – 2.11*10-5 MPa;
• tensile strength – 590-750 MPa;
• relative elongation at break – up to 20%;
• impact strength – 440 KJ/m2.

The alloy also has high mechanical properties:

• tendency to temper fragility;
• homogeneity of the structure, which helps to increase wear resistance;
• property of producing a thin cutting edge;
• sufficient corrosion resistance.

After hardening, the alloy is difficult to machine with cutting. Therefore, finished products are subjected to heat treatment. It should be noted that steel is sensitive to flakes. They concentrate internal stresses, which lead to the occurrence of fatigue cracks in products. The scope of its application is also related to the characteristics of the alloy. The metal is used to produce parts that are operated under conditions of constant friction and vibration:

• balls for bearings;
• rollers of different diameters;
• rings with wall thickness up to 14 mm;
• discharge valves;
• bushings;
• pusher rollers;
• cams and guides.

The properties of ShKh15 steel make it widely in demand in the production of knives and blades for various purposes:

• folding knives, including souvenir ones;
• boot cutlery;
• collectible finches;
• hunting models;
• different options for cutting and kitchen knives.

Heat treatment

During operation, bearing parts experience large alternating loads, sometimes reaching about 500 kg/cm2. Over time, they lead to the appearance of microcracks, which reduce the service life of the bearings and quickly fail. Therefore, bearing steel is hardened at high temperatures. Optimal characteristics of ShKh15 steel are achieved at the following temperature conditions:

• hardening – 830-840 degrees in oil;
• holidays - 150-160 degrees for 1-2 hours.

When cooling in water, surface and structural deformations may occur. To eliminate internal stresses leading to structural defects, after hardening, an annealing procedure is performed at 800 degrees. After processing:

• steel hardness reaches 61-63 HRC;
• the elastic limit increases by 30% or more.

The metal can be forged when heated to 1150 degrees. Forging compacts the structure of the alloy and increases resistance to mechanical stress. After forging, the metal is cooled in the open air or in a pit.

The method of repeated thermal cycling allows one to increase the stability of the structure and the resistance of steel to microplastic deformations. It involves cooling the metal to low temperatures and then tempering it. The process takes place in the temperature range from -50 to +150 degrees.

Studies have shown that thermal cycling of metal, consisting of 3-6 stages, is the most effective. As a result:

• the steel structure becomes more uniform and stable;
• the elastic limit increases significantly;
• resistance to intrastructural deformations increases.

Advantages and disadvantages

The steel grade ШХ15 is characterized by undeniable advantages and small disadvantages. Main advantages of the material:

• in the uniformity of surface and internal structures, which are achieved by special technologies;
• high contact wear resistance;
• simple heat treatment conditions;
• increased hardness;
• optimal parameters of viscosity and plasticity;
• possibility of obtaining a thin and sharp cutting edge;
• high resistance to crushing.

Knives made from ShKh15 alloy attract:

• good wear resistance;
• no need for frequent sharpening;
• the ability to process hard materials;
• excellent cutting qualities;
• long service life;
• affordable price.

The disadvantages of steel are associated with some difficulty in sharpening, which is explained by the hardness of the material. A disadvantage is also considered to be insufficient corrosion resistance, although the cutting edge is not so exposed to moisture.

Today steel ШХ15 is one of the most popular, having an optimal price-quality ratio. It represents the best option for the production of products whose operation is associated with intense and long-term loads.

Alloys of non-ferrous metals based on tin and lead

Babbitt's special anti-friction alloys, whose intricate name is taken from the name of their developer, are intended directly for use inside bearings. The metal is poured or sprayed onto the body of the product liner.

Bearing shell with babbitt surfacing

The basis of this bearing alloy is tin and lead, while other non-ferrous metals are additives: copper, nickel, cadmium, sodium, magnesium and others.

Less valuable as a secondary metal, lead-based babbitts are intensively used for casting bearings in diesel engines and rolling machines, which is due to their higher operating temperature compared to the tin-based antifriction alloy. This is mainly the B16 brand, although there are other varieties, such as BN, BKA or BK2SH.

Bearings of railway rolling stock contain lead-potassium babbitt. On the contrary, the lead-zinc alloy COC6 is used in structures operating at high pressure and temperature, for example, automobile diesel engines. Standard operating conditions, up to 15 MPa, are acceptable for bearings filled with high-tin content Babbitt, an alloy most valuable at recycling sites.

Provider

The supplier "Auremo" offers to buy rolled products made of corrosion-resistant steel on preferential terms. We always have a large selection of high quality products in stock. The price depends on the order volume and additional delivery conditions. Discounts are available for bulk purchases. ShKh15 brand rental is always available, the price is the best in this rental segment. Buy today. Availability of goods and prompt delivery are ensured by representative offices located in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and cities of Eastern Europe. We invite you to partner cooperation. We have the best price-quality ratio.

Buy, favorable price

The Auremo company specializes in the supply of stainless steel products. All products are certified. Quality is guaranteed by strict adherence to production technology. Our managers are always ready to answer any questions and provide qualified assistance. And a large assortment will not leave you without choice. You can easily buy rental brand SHH15 by contacting the nearest office. Order and the company manager will help you choose the product that best meets your requirements. ShKh15 brand rental is always available, the price is optimal from the supplier. Buy today.

Shx15 steel for knives: description, pros and cons

Since time immemorial, the knife has entered human life as a necessity. In ancient times, a knife was a sharpened stone that people used for hunting and protection from predators. Over time, the knife has changed a lot, it has found more and more uses and has become an integral part of everyday life and household use.

Now it is impossible to imagine the life of a modern person without a knife. It has become a necessary tool for cooking, hiking, hunting and fishing, as well as military affairs. Even in sports, the knife has found its use.

How do knives differ from each other?

Nowadays, there are knives of completely different, sometimes even intricate shapes, depending on where they are used. The handle and blade are given the necessary aesthetic and practical appearance. But the deciding factor that differentiates one knife from another is what it was made from. Specifically, we are talking about the chemical composition of the steel from which the blade itself is made.

Not everyone is able to choose exactly the knife steel they need, since there are a huge number of different variations of this alloy, the chemical composition of which determines their properties, advantages and disadvantages, strengths and weaknesses.

But to choose a knife, it is not necessary to study the entire periodic table; it is enough just to know what properties a particular grade of steel has.

By reading a little about it on the Internet, you will quickly find the right alloy for you. In our article we will specifically talk about one alloy that has become quite widespread.

What is ShKh 15 steel?

Steel ШХ 15 is a representative of the class of low-alloy chromium steels. This means that the steel composition, in addition to the main elements, includes special additives. They give it the necessary properties of strength, resistance to corrosion and aggressive environments. ShKh 15 steel contains the following chemical elements:

1. C - 0.95 -1.0.
2. Si - 0.17-0.37.
3. Mn - 0.2-0.4.
4. Cr - 1.35-1.65.

In steels of this group, the amount of chromium is quite small, which is the main difference from high-chromium steels. For this reason, chromium does not form its own carbides, but remains in solid solution and is also part of cementite.

If we talk about structural features, it is worth noting that all carbides are small. This is what determines the high contact endurance and uniformity of this steel.

In general, like other “carbon” steels, ShKh 15 holds a thin edge very well.

This grade of steel is widely used in industry due to its increased hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance. It is mainly used to produce rollers and balls for bearings. This is where the name “bearing steel” comes from. Knives made of this steel are characterized by high wear resistance, hardness and contact strength.

For hardening, the optimal temperature is around 810 - 850 degrees, and the tempering temperature, in turn, varies from 150 to 160 degrees. The final result is a hardness of 61-64 HRC.

Steel of this grade also has a number of the following characteristics: a tendency to temper brittleness or flake sensitivity.

The proportionality limit for this material is 370-410 mPa, and the short-term strength limit for this steel is in the region from 590 to 750 mPa.

ShKh 15 steel has a relative contraction of 45% and an impact strength characteristic of approximately 440 kJ/m2.

Results

Having studied in detail steel grade ШХ 15, we can clearly indicate its advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages:

• Uniformity.
• High contact endurance.
• Easily processed.
• Fairly high hardness.
• High wear resistance.
• Thin edge when sharpened.
• Resistance to crushing.
• Plasticity and viscosity.

Flaws:

• Relatively high susceptibility to corrosion.
• Difficult to sharpen.

There are many different grades of steel. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. ShKh 15, in turn, is a very versatile steel, suitable for almost any type of knife.

At the moment it is one of the most popular brands with low cost and is used mainly in private forging of blades.

A product made from such steel can give the desired result from the work, while significantly saving the budget due to its low cost.

Technological properties

Materials

An important question for production is what steel are the bearing races made of? The most common material is branded:

• • ШХ15;
• • ШХ15SG;
• • ШХ20SG;
• • ШХ4.

They differ in the content of technological additives. The composition includes magnesium, silicon, carbon, chromium in amounts up to 2 percent and impurities of sulfur, phosphorus, nickel, copper in very limited quantities. Hardness is acquired by heat treatment.

For products that can withstand heavy loads, it is necessary to have a strong contact surface and a plastic middle. In this case, steel grades are used:

• • 15G1;
• • 18HGT;
• • 20Х2Н4А.

The planes are cemented. In this case, strength is achieved from 59 to 66 HRCe. The core remains softer with a score of around 36. The production process is slightly different from before.

Industry requires units to operate in aggressive environments. For production in this case, steel grades 95Х18Ш and 110Х18МШД are used.

In foundries, in heat treatment units, products made from heat-resistant material are needed. In Russia they use 8Х4В9Ф2Ш and 8Х4М4В2Ф1Ш.