Density of various materials specified according to GOST. Reference table. Metals, alloys, structural elastomers, liquids, gases, other materials.

Substance density table

A table is presented of the density of substances at temperatures of 5...30°C. The following substances were considered:

• metals and alloys;
• Construction Materials;
• plastics and rubber;
• rocks and minerals;
• food products;
• various glasses;
• wood of various species.

The table contains more than 500 substances and materials , predominantly in the solid state. The density of solids in the crystalline and amorphous states is characterized by the packing density of their molecules and atoms and is generally determined by the ratio of the mass of the substance to the volume it occupies.

The density in the table is given mainly for solid dry substances (unless otherwise indicated) in the dimension kg/m3. The density of substances in other states of aggregation can be found in the table of the density of liquids, and also study the table of the density of gases and vapors.

For ease of use, the substances in the table are arranged in alphabetical order. Moreover, in verbose names, as a rule, the noun is placed first, followed by a qualifying adjective, for example, “freshly cut oak.” Exceptions include common or compound names such as “asphalt concrete.”

For some substances, the table shows bulk density - the mass per unit volume of loosely poured material, for example - bulk hemp seeds, soil.
Bulk density depends on the size of the material grains, their shape and degree of compaction. Thus, the bulk density of crushed stone and gravel, depending on the size of the granules, can change by 5...10%, and when compacted, the density of these substances increases by 5...15%. Substance density table

Sources:

1. Physical quantities. Directory Babichev A.P. et al.; Ed. Grigorieva I.S. - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1991. - 1232 p.
2. Enochovich A. S. Handbook of physics. M.: Education, 1978. - 415 p.
3. Isachenko V. P., Osipova V. A., Sukomel A. S. Heat transfer. Textbook for universities - M.: Energy, 1975.
4. Franchuk A. U. Tables of thermal technical indicators of building materials - M.: Research Institute of Construction Physics, 1969 - 142 p.
5. Makarov E.V., Svetlakov N.D. Reference tables of weights of building materials, M., 1971 - 45 p.
6. Construction heating engineering SNiP II-3-79. Ministry of Construction of Russia - M., 1995.
7. Mikheev M. A., Mikheeva I. M. Fundamentals of heat transfer. Ed. 2nd. M.: Energy, 1977. - 344 p.
8. Novichenok N. L., Shulman Z. P. Thermophysical properties of polymers. Minsk: Science and Technology, 1971. - 120 p.

Determination of product mass

All modern reference materials, GOST and technical specifications of enterprises have been adjusted in accordance with the international classification.

Using reference tables of densities of various materials, it is easy to determine their mass. This is especially true when items are heavy or appropriate scales are not available. To do this, you need to know their geometric parameters. Most often, you need to find out the mass of an object in the form of a cylinder, pipe or parallelepiped:

1. Metal rods are cylindrical in shape. Knowing the diameter and length, it is easy to find out the mass. Mass equals density times volume. Finding the volume of an object. It is obtained by multiplying the cross-sectional area by the length. The area of ​​a circle, knowing the diameter, is easy to determine. The squared diameter is multiplied by 3.14 (pi), divided by 4.
2. We obtain the mass of the pipe in the same way. When finding the area, we take the difference between the outer and inner diameter of the section.
3. To determine the mass of a sheet, bloom, slab or bar of rectangular cross-section, we determine the volume by multiplying the length, height and thickness. Multiply by the density from the reference book.

Determination of carat weight

British carats are a traditional value used to measure the purity of gold and its weight in a product. The smallest value is 8 carats (K). The specific gravity of 999 gold is 24 carats. If other elements are added to the alloy to change the characteristics of the metal, the carat value drops. The 18-karat precious metal contains 6 parts of impurities and 18 parts of pure gold.

For example, high-grade 917 gold has a mass of 22 carats. And such a popular 585 alloy is only 14 carats.

Composition and structure of iron

Iron is a typical metal, and it is chemically active. The substance reacts at normal temperature, and heating or increasing humidity significantly increases its reactivity. Iron corrodes in air, burns in an atmosphere of pure oxygen, and in the form of fine dust can ignite in air.

Pure iron is inherently malleable, but the metal is very rare in this form. In fact, iron means an alloy with small proportions of impurities - up to 0.8%, which is characterized by the softness and malleability of a pure substance. Alloys with carbon - steel, cast iron, stainless steel - are important for the national economy.

Iron is characterized by polymorphism: there are as many as 4 modifications, differing in structure and lattice parameters:

• α-Fe – exists from zero to +769 C. It has a body-centered cubic lattice and is ferromagnetic, that is, it retains magnetization in the absence of an external magnetic field. +769 C – Curie point for metal;
• from +769 to +917 C β-Fe appears. It differs from the α phase only in lattice parameters. Almost all physical properties are preserved with the exception of magnetic ones: iron becomes paramagnetic, that is, it loses the ability to magnetize and is drawn into a magnetic field. Metallurgy does not consider the β-phase as a separate modification. Since the transition does not affect significant physical characteristics;
• in the range from 917 to 1394 C there is a γ-modification, which is characterized by a face-centered cubic lattice;
• at temperatures above +1394 C, the δ phase appears, which is characterized by a body-centered cubic lattice.

At high pressure, as well as when the metal is doped with certain additives, an ε-phase with a hexagonal close-packed lattice is formed.

The temperature of phase transitions changes noticeably when doped with the same carbon. Actually, the very ability of iron to form so many modifications serves as the basis for processing steel in different temperature conditions. Without such transitions, the metal would not have become so widespread.

Now it’s time for the properties of the metal iron.

This video tells about the structure of iron: