Copper grades - GOST 859-2001: characteristics, interpretation

Pure copper is not used for the manufacture of products. It is used as ready-made alloys, the compositions of which are regulated by generally accepted standards. In Russia, the main regulation is GOST 859-2001. He describes in detail the grades and compositions of copper alloys, as well as the permissible areas of their use.

Since copper is a non-ferrous metal with unique physical and chemical properties, it is actively used in industry, production, construction and domestic conditions. There is also a separate classification of copper scrap, which is purchased on the secondary market.

Technical copper

In the annealed state, it is quite plastic, but has relatively low strength. The chemical composition of technical grades of copper is determined by GOST 859–41. Technical grades are used in the smelting of copper alloys as a charge material. Technical grade M0 is used in the manufacture of high-purity alloys and current conductors. M1 in the manufacture of semi-finished products obtained by rolling, in the production of high-quality bronzes that do not contain tin. M2 is a technical grade used for the production of bronzes for the production of high-quality semi-finished products that are processed under pressure. The MZ technical grade is in demand for semi-finished products that are produced by rolling, the production of standard quality bronzes and other casting alloys, as well as non-critical electrical contacts (like the M2 alloy). Technical grade M4 is used in the smelting of cast bronzes.

Features of production and application

Copper of a chemical composition similar to the domestic M1 grade is produced in many countries with a developed metallurgical industry:

• Japan (JIS standard), USA – C1100, C1220.
• European Union (EN standard) – Cu-ETP.
• England (BS standard) – C106.
• France (AFNOR standard) – Cu-B.
• Italy (UNI standard) – Cu-DHP.

The undoubted leader in the production of various oxygen-free copper alloys - analogues of the domestic M1 grade is the German metallurgical industry. In accordance with DIN and WNR standards, non-ferrous metallurgy plants produce three types of alloys - Ecu57, ECu58, SF-Cu.

The coefficient of friction of metal with lubricant is 0.011, without lubricant - 0.043. There are two categories of alloys according to GOST 1173-2006 in terms of Brinell hardness:

During the casting process, it must be remembered that the linear shrinkage of M1 is 2.1%. Copper melts at a temperature of 1083°C, casting is carried out in the temperature range of 1150-1250°C.

M1 is produced in the form of cast (horizontal casting ingots, GOST 193-79) or deformed (wire rod, TU 1844-01003292517-2004; strip, GOST 1173-2006; annealed and pressed rod, GOST 1535-2006; pipe, GOST R 52318- 2005) semi-finished products. Rolled sheets must be subjected to bending tests. According to the standard, tape up to 5 mm thick must withstand bending until the sides touch. Thicker sheets (6-12 mm) are checked until the sides are parallel.

Semi-finished products produced by cold rolling are tested for bending at temperatures up to 90°C. Cold-deformed copper pipes (soft, semi-hard, hard) are produced using technology that does not affect further performance. They do not defrost and are resistant to rupture when liquid media freeze. Large cross-section pipes are manufactured using pressing technology.

Alloy M1 is used in cryogenic production. It is used to make current conductors, wire, rods and electrodes for automatic welding and gas welding of non-critical joints of cast iron and copper parts. M1 is the main alloy for the production of high quality bronze.

Source

Impurities in copper alloys

Impurities contained in copper (and, naturally, interacting with it) are divided into three groups.

Forming solid solutions with copper

Such impurities include aluminum, antimony, nickel, iron, tin, zinc, etc. These additives significantly reduce electrical and thermal conductivity. The grades that are primarily used for the production of conductive elements include M0 and M1. If the copper alloy contains antimony, its hot pressure treatment becomes significantly more difficult.

Impurities that do not dissolve in copper

These include lead, bismuth, etc. Although they do not affect the electrical conductivity of the base metal, such impurities make it difficult to process by pressure.

Impurities that form brittle chemical compounds with copper

This group includes sulfur and oxygen, which reduces the electrical conductivity and strength of the base metal. The sulfur content of the copper alloy greatly facilitates its machinability by cutting.

Copper grades and their applications

Copper m1 m2 m3 difference

Due to their properties, various grades of copper are very popular in the industrial environment. This metal is good because it is flexible and, regardless of the operating environment, with the exception of exposure to sulfur dioxide and ammonia, it is resistant to corrosion.

The external distinctive feature of copper is its pink-red color. Depending on the purity, copper is divided into types with the technical designations M1, M2, M3. This metal comes into production in the form of wire, sheets, pipes, and rods.

This is due to different application situations.

Schedule

Based on its composition, copper is divided into oxygen-free and deoxidized; the symbol is M0 and M1, respectively. Oxygen-free is used in the manufacture of parts for electrical, electronic, and electrovacuum industrial products. O2 in oxygen-free brands is no more than 0.001%, and in deoxidized ones - 0.01%.

The breakdown of copper grades is presented in the table:

Percentage composition

Use of copper in medicine

The use of copper in the medical industry can be found quite often. According to the norms of traditional medicine, copper is an extremely important element of human life. In our body, copper is present in a volume of 2 * 10-4% of a person’s total weight. Every day we consume approximately 60 mg of copper with food, but only 2 mg is absorbed, but this is the amount that is the daily norm for an adult. Copper is extremely important in the process of hemoglobin biosynthesis, as well as in maintaining sugar, cholesterol and uric acid levels. In order for the cardiovascular system, brain, and digestive tract to function as expected, copper is needed. With a chronic lack of copper in the human body, the following diseases develop:

• anemia;
• osteoporosis;
• glaucoma;
• psoriasis;
• the heart muscle atrophies;
• a person gets tired quickly and loses weight;
• Cholesterol accumulates in the body.

The richest foods containing copper are:

• Champignon;
• potato;
• Cod liver;
• whole grain;
• oysters and cuttlefish.

Pure copper

Grade M0 contains 99.95% Cu and no more than 0.05% impurities. According to special technical conditions, several grades of vacuum copper and especially oxygen-free pure copper are produced, which is used in the electric vacuum industry. Strips, tapes, rods, and pipes are produced from oxygen-free copper of series A and B. Tapes and rods are made from vacuum pure copper. Rods are produced from pure copper, which is deoxidized with manganese. All these semi-finished products are used in the electrovacuum industry. Oxygen-free pure copper is characterized by a low (-100°C) recrystallization temperature.

Copper grades - characteristics, marking and its interpretation

Copper grades are widely represented in various industries: this non-ferrous metal, due to its unique characteristics, is one of the most common. All grades of this metal are distinguished by high ductility and corrosion resistance when used in various environments, with the exception of ammonia and sulfur dioxide gases.

Modern industry produces copper blanks in the form of sheets, pipes, wires, rods and bars. There are oxygen-free (M0) and deoxidized (M1) copper, products from which are widely used in the electrical, electronic and electrovacuum industries. Oxygen-free brands contain O2 within 0.001%, in deoxidized ones - 0.01%.

Today there are quite a lot of grades that are classified according to the purity of the base metal content: M00, M0, M1, M2 and M3. Also common are the M1p, M2p and M3p brands, which are characterized by an oxygen content of 0.01% and phosphorus of 0.04%. For example, grades M1, M2 and M3 contain oxygen in the range of 0.05–0.08%.

Copper gradeM00M0M0bM1M1rM2M2rM3M3rM4

GOST 859-2001 on copper grades

This state standard document applies to cast and deformed semi-finished copper products, as well as copper manufactured in the form of cathodes.

Basic properties of copper

Physical properties

In air, copper acquires a bright yellowish-red hue due to the formation of an oxide film. Thin plates have a greenish-blue color when examined through them. In its pure form, copper is quite soft, malleable and easily rolled and drawn. Impurities can increase its hardness.

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The high electrical conductivity of copper can be called the main property that determines its predominant use. Copper also has very high thermal conductivity. Impurities such as iron, phosphorus, tin, antimony and arsenic affect the basic properties and reduce electrical and thermal conductivity. According to these indicators, copper is second only to silver.

Copper has high densities, melting points and boiling points. An important property is also good resistance to corrosion. For example, at high humidity, iron oxidizes much faster.

Copper lends itself well to processing: it is rolled into copper sheets and copper rods, and drawn into copper wire with a thickness brought to thousandths of a millimeter. This metal is diamagnetic, that is, it is magnetized against the direction of the external magnetic field.

Chemical properties

Copper is a relatively low-active metal. Under normal conditions in dry air, its oxidation does not occur. It reacts easily with halogens, selenium and sulfur. Acids without oxidizing properties have no effect on copper. There are no chemical reactions with hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen. In humid air, oxidation occurs to form copper (II) carbonate, the top layer of platinum. Copper is amphoteric, meaning it forms cations and anions in the earth's crust. Depending on the conditions, copper compounds exhibit acidic or basic properties.

Copper pipe (tube)

A copper pipe is a hollow metal product with a round, elongated shape. These products are made from different grades of copper.

Copper pipes are produced from M1, M2 or M3 copper. GOST 859-2001 regulates the chemical composition of products. According to GOST 24231-80, test particles are selected and prepared to determine the chemical composition of the alloy.

Characteristics of copper pipes

Copper pipe today is one of the most popular and frequently used elements of non-ferrous rolled products, used in virtually every area of ​​production and construction.

Products in this category constantly occupy leading positions in sales rankings due to their performance parameters and useful properties:

– complete passivity to chemical elements;

– full performance in temperature conditions from – 200 °C to + 250 °C, without changing its physical and chemical properties;

– durability under the most severe operating conditions (over 50 years);

– resistance to foreign formations on the surface of copper pipes due to the high smoothness of the walls;

– good anti-corrosion characteristics;

– the ability to easily deform in the desired areas without mechanical destruction due to the plasticity of the material;

– ease of installation, transportation and processing due to the lightweight product;

– antibacterial properties that block the possibility of development of biological organisms.

Copper pipe is not susceptible to rust and is resistant to corrosion. Due to its properties, the movement of water in it is not impeded by harmful deposits on the walls. Also, copper pipes are not afraid of mold. All this has a beneficial effect on its service life, which can be about 100 years.

Today, copper tubes are a popular consumable material used when installing industrial or domestic air conditioners. It is copper pipes that represent the critical routes that connect the separate elements of the split system through which the refrigerant is pumped.

Operational characteristics allow these products to be used in the manufacture of heating and air conditioning equipment. For example, in elite class bimetallic radiators and modern air conditioning systems.

Copper pipes for air conditioners are sold in coils and are made from soft grade copper alloys that are hardened by annealing.

Basically, copper pipe for air conditioners can be presented in a coil with a length of 25 meters to 50 meters.

A copper pipe can be easily rolled by pressing due to its technological softness. This property makes it possible to ensure proper tightness of any air conditioning systems.

Today, copper pipes are increasingly being used for new generation heating systems. Pipeline fittings are presented in the form of copper bends, tees, copper fittings, and adapters. The variety of pipeline fittings allows you to create systems from one metal that are not subject to electrochemical corrosion.

Thermal conductivity and durability make copper piping widely popular in the home. Its excellent performance characteristics will cover all costs associated with the high cost of this non-ferrous metal. Types of copper pipes

Copper pipe is divided into two types - unannealed and annealed. To obtain products with the desired characteristics, an annealing process is carried out - heating to 600 ° C - 700 ° C with gradual cooling after (tempering). The finished material acquires other performance characteristics.

Unannealed copper pipes are more durable, while annealed ones are characterized by greater ductility. Annealed copper pipe is ductile and has excellent stretch, but has a noticeably lower tensile strength - approximately 220 MPa. Before breaking, annealed rolled steel can elongate by 1.5 times during a tensile test. Basically, it is characterized by flexibility and strength.

A copper pipe, in addition to having a round cross-section, can have a rectangular or square shape.

This non-ferrous metal can be purchased in pieces from 1 meter to 6 meters long. Diameter – from 4 to 36 millimeters. With a small diameter, copper pipe is sold in coils, the price is often indicated per kilogram of the finished product. The main purpose is the production of components in the mechanical engineering industry.

The price for copper pipes with a rectangular cross-section is higher than for standard-shaped products, since rolled profiles have a more complex and lengthy production process.

Depending on the wall thickness there are:

– thick-walled copper pipe GOST 617-2006 for general purpose;

– according to GOST 11383-75 – thin-walled drawn.

Round copper pipes are the most popular. Measurements of curvature, ovality, and cut obliquity are carried out in accordance with GOST 26877-91.

Depending on the manufacturing method, there are:

• copper pipes, cold-rolled or drawn (cold-deformed);

• pressed copper tubes (hot-deformed).

Cold-formed products are produced in hard or soft conditions.

Copper tubes intended for air-conditioned systems are produced according to TU 184450-106-181-2006. The chemical components of the raw materials fully comply with the requirements of quality standards, both domestic and foreign.

Copper pipe M1

High-quality copper with a high content of the main component is designated M1. The number “1” corresponds to the purity of the copper alloy. This alloy contains small amounts of iron, lead, tin, sulfur, silver, zinc, nickel, arsenic, and antimony.

M1 copper pipe is characterized by good thermal and electrical conductivity, excellent ductility, and corrosion resistance. The alloy is malleable to various types of processing. Alloying elements in the form of nickel, phosphorus, etc. have a significant impact on the beneficial properties of the alloy.

According to their physical characteristics, they distinguish between soft - M1M and hard - M1T.

Copper pipe M2

An alloy of primary copper with a small amount of impurities is marked M2. The purity of the copper alloy is characterized by the number “2”. Chemical elements such as bismuth, tin, antimony, nickel, lead, sulfur, and iron are also included in its composition.

Copper pipes M2, like M1, are ductile and characterized by corrosion resistance, thermal and electrical conductivity. There are soft copper - M2M and hard copper - M2T.

Copper pipe M3

Industrial copper – M3 – is formed by the method of fire refining or secondary melting. The purity of the copper alloy is characterized by the number “3”. Chemical elements such as arsenic, bismuth, tin, antimony, nickel, lead, sulfur, and iron are also included in its composition.

M3 copper pipes are distinguished by good ductility, characterized by corrosion resistance, excellent strength and low price.

The M3 alloy is malleable to processing and takes part in the creation of popular colored compositions, such as bronze, etc. Based on their physical characteristics, soft copper is distinguished - M3M and hard copper - M3T.

M3 copper tubes are used in the production of parts for airliners, vehicles, equipment and architectural structures.

High-quality semi-finished products and products of cryogenic technology are produced from primary copper. Alloying additives such as nickel, phosphorus, etc. have a significant impact on its useful characteristics.

Disadvantages of copper pipes

Each material has its own advantages and disadvantages, copper tubes are no exception.

High price is the main “weak point” not only for annealed and unannealed copper pipes, but also for any other copper product. A copper alloy pipeline will cost an order of magnitude more than a similar pipeline made from steel pipes or plastic.

High degree of deformation. Copper, regardless of its condition, is a fairly soft and elastic metal, so products made from it are easily deformed. Thin-walled copper tubes are easy to damage.

Labor-intensive installation. Both soldering and assembly on fittings with union nuts and other fasteners are quite labor-intensive processes.

Copper alloy is a good thermal conductor, which means that when transporting hot water, the tube heats up. There is a possibility of burns on the part of the user. Also, this property makes it impossible to use it in certain areas due to large heat loss.

It is possible to solve many problems and eliminate a number of shortcomings through the use of special coatings made of polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride, which are used for annealed pipes. This outer layer protects the product from mechanical influences, “cools” the surface, thereby ensuring safety during operation.

Designations and sizes of copper pipes

Copper pipe - 1/2 inch, as well as products of other diameters of the inch system, today are increasingly measured in millimeters. Products with a diameter from 10 mm to 22 mm for water supply systems, and from 32 mm to 42 mm for drainage systems are in great demand.

In addition, there are other designations for pipe sizes. Nowadays, a fraction designation such as 12/14 indicates the outer and inner diameter in millimeters. Previously, 1/4 indicated only the outer diameter (1/4 inch).

According to GOST, the size of a copper pipe is indicated by a fraction. The numerator identifies the outer diameter in millimeters, and the denominator indicates the wall thickness. Pipe 14/1 is a copper tube with a diameter of 14 mm on the outer surface and 13 mm on the inner surface.

The wall thickness is 1 millimeter.

Application

The scope of application of copper pipe is very different. It is used in housing and communal services, mechanical and instrument making, construction and electric power industries.

Copper tubes are most often used in systems such as:

• heating;

• water supply systems (both cold and hot);

• connection of technological equipment;

• freon supply systems in freezing or refrigeration equipment;

• hydraulic systems supplying oils;

• fuel pipelines;

• pipelines transporting compressed air or gas;

• condensate drainage systems;

• air conditioning systems, etc.

Can be used both outside and inside buildings. The price of a copper pipe is higher than for similar products made of other metals, but this is fully compensated by the long period of its use and the wealth of special properties and qualities.

Supplier: LLC RTG “MetPromStar”

Features of popular copper alloys

Alloy M1 is manufactured in accordance with GOST 859-2014, is a highly plastic and well-processed metal, and has the highest copper content (99.9%). Additional elements include zinc, nickel, phosphorus, iron, arsenic, oxygen, tin, bismuth (total no more than 0.1%). The electrical resistivity is 0.018 μOhm. The alloy can be of two types - hard (M1t) and soft (M1m), they differ in strength and fluidity. Rolled metal is in demand in the automotive and aircraft industries, in the creation of current conductors, cryogenic equipment, wire and rods.

Alloy M2 has a lower copper ratio in the composition (99.7%). The remaining 0.3% comes from nickel, iron, antimony, oxygen, tin, lead, sulfur, and arsenic. This grade is ductile and does not rust, is excellent in pressure processing and is used for the manufacture of copper-based alloys and refrigeration parts.

Alloy M3 is technical copper; it contains the smallest percentage of metal among those presented (99.5%). The same elements as in M2 are used as alloying components, only in a larger proportion (up to 0.5%), which makes this alloy the most affordable. Optimally suitable for metal products that are sold by rolling methods, as well as cast alloys.

What GOST standards for copper scrap exist?

Copper grades - characteristics and markings with explanation

The designation of metal alloys based on the use of copper begins with the letter “M”. This is followed by a number characterizing the mass fraction of copper in the composition (alloy class).

So, when the metal is designated “M3”, the amount of the main element reaches 99.5%, and “M00” - 99.96%. Also, the marking usually indicates additional letters informing about the method of producing the alloy. Methods for creating copper alloys are divided into:

• cathode (denoted by the letter “k”);
• deoxidation with low phosphorus content (“p”);
• without deoxidizing additives – oxygen-free (“b”);
• deoxidation with a large amount of phosphorus (“f”).

The general marking of alloys looks like “M1r”. However, the production method is not always indicated or is not used at all if the processes of hydrolysis, pyrometallurgy or hydrometallurgy were used. In such cases, the designation is limited to the mass fraction. Without taking into account alloy modifications, copper is classified into four main grades:

1. M0. The highest class of copper alloys, containing about 99.93-99.99% copper. Sometimes, to improve the physicochemical properties, silver is added to the composition and the percentage of the main element is indicated as copper + silver as a single main component. M0 is the purest copper alloy, which is used for the manufacture of conductive products (power cables, conductors in electronics, household wires, and so on).
2. M1. An alloy more common in modern conditions. It is also used to make electrical products with less stringent quality requirements. M1 is also used for the production of rolled metal products, welding electrodes, wire, and so on. The percentage of copper content in M1 is 99.9%.
3. M2. This brand is widely used in the production of products requiring high pressure processing. M2 is a less ductile metal, since it contains 99.7% copper. The alloy is often used for the manufacture of cryogenic equipment parts.
4. M3. The grade belongs to alloys with the lowest copper content (99.5%). Such metals contain large amounts of impurities and are often obtained from the recycling of copper products. M3 alloy is used to manufacture parts by rolling.

Individual modifications characterize the type and number of additional elements. Detailed information about brands is specified in GOST 859-2001.

Impurities in copper alloys:

• bismuth (0.0005-0.003%);
• iron (0.001-0.05%);
• nickel (up to 0.2%);
• zinc (0.001-0.005%);
• tin and antimony (up to 0.05%);
• arsenic (no more than 0.01%);
• lead (up to 0.05%);
• sulfur (0.002-0.01%);
• oxygen (0.001-0.08%) and others.

If silver is separately indicated in the composition to increase electrical conductivity, the percentage of content does not exceed 0.002.

Standards for Copper Alloys

In our country, there are a large number of regulations used as basic standards that are mandatory when working with copper. The main regulations include:

• GOST 859-2014 “Copper. Stamps."
• GOST 193-2015 “Copper ingots. Technical conditions".

There are specific regulations for certain types of alloys (bronze, brass). The standards are updated periodically.

GOST 859-2001

Previously, this regulation was the main one for copper and copper alloys. However, in 2014 it was replaced by GOST 859-2014. It spells out the main brands, taking into account modern innovations and additional requirements for production processes, production methods, and so on.

Biological value for humans

Copper belongs to the category of vital elements, and the body of an adult contains about 100 grams of this metal. A reassessment of the toxicity of this substance was carried out in 2003 by the World Health Organization. Studies have found that copper is not a cause of diseases of the digestive tract, and does not provoke the development of Wilson-Konovalov disease (hepatocerebral dystrophy affecting the liver and brain), as previously thought. Scientists have concluded that a lack of copper is more harmful to human health than its excess.

The bactericidal properties of copper have been known for a long time, and recent studies in this area have confirmed the effectiveness of the metal in the prevention of swine flu and infection by Staphylococcus aureus. In experiments, it was found that 99% of pathogenic bacteria die on a copper surface within 2 hours. Therefore, copper and its alloys are widely used for water disinfection. In Europe, door handles, locks, hinges and railings are made from this metal, which are installed in medical institutions and public places.

Methods for obtaining copper

In nature, copper exists in compounds and in the form of nuggets. The compounds are represented by oxides, bicarbonates, sulfur and carbon dioxide complexes, as well as sulfide ores. The most common ores are copper pyrite and copper luster. The copper content in them is 1-2%. 90% of primary copper is mined using the pyrometallurgical method and 10% using the hydrometallurgical method.

1. The pyrometallurgical method includes the following processes: enrichment and roasting, smelting for matte, purging in a converter, electrolytic refining. Copper ores are enriched by flotation and oxidative roasting. The essence of the flotation method is as follows: copper particles suspended in an aqueous medium adhere to the surface of air bubbles and rise to the surface. The method allows you to obtain copper powder concentrate, which contains 10-35% copper.

Copper ores and concentrates with a significant sulfur content are subject to oxidative roasting. When heated in the presence of oxygen, sulfides are oxidized, and the amount of sulfur is reduced by almost half. Poor concentrates containing 8-25% copper are roasted. Rich concentrates containing 25-35% copper are melted without resorting to roasting.

The next stage of the pyrometallurgical method for producing copper is smelting for matte. If lump copper ore with a large amount of sulfur is used as a raw material, then smelting is carried out in shaft furnaces. And for powdered flotation concentrate, reverberatory furnaces are used. Melting occurs at a temperature of 1450 °C.

In horizontal converters with side blowing, the copper matte is blown with compressed air in order for the oxidation of sulfides and ferrum to occur. Next, the resulting oxides are converted into slag, and sulfur into oxide. The converter produces blister copper, which contains 98.4-99.4% copper, iron, sulfur, as well as small amounts of nickel, tin, silver and gold.

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Blister copper is subject to fire and then electrolytic refining. Impurities are removed with gases and converted into slag. As a result of fire refining, copper is formed with a purity of up to 99.5%. And after electrolytic refining, the purity is 99.95%.

2. The hydrometallurgical method involves leaching copper with a weak solution of sulfuric acid, and then separating copper metal directly from the solution. This method is used for processing low-grade ores and does not allow for the associated extraction of precious metals along with copper.

Copper alloys, their properties, characteristics, grades

The production of copper alloys makes it possible to improve the properties of copper without losing the main advantages of this metal, as well as to obtain additional useful properties.

Copper alloys include: bronze, brass and copper-nickel alloys.

Brass

This is an alloy of copper and zinc. In addition to zinc, it also contains other alloying additives, including tin.

Brasses are corrosion-resistant alloys. They have anti-friction properties to resist vibrations. They have high fluidity rates, which gives products made from them a high degree of resistance to heavy loads. In brass castings, segregation areas are practically not formed, so the products have a uniform structure and density.

Brasses are marked with a set of alphanumeric codes, where the first letter is always L, meaning brass itself. Next comes a digital indicator of the percentage of copper in brass. The remaining letters and numbers indicate the content of alloying elements as a percentage. Brasses use the same letter designations for alloying elements as bronzes.

An example of double brass marking: L85. It stands for “brass with a copper content of up to 85%, the rest is zinc.”

An example of multi-component brass marking: LMtsA57-3-1. It stands for “brass with a copper content of up to 57%, manganese - up to 3%, aluminum - up to 1%, the rest is zinc.”

Bronze

An alloy of copper and tin. However, with the development of technology, bronzes also appeared, in which, instead of tin, aluminum, silicon, beryllium and lead were introduced into the alloy.

Bronze is harder than copper. They have higher strength ratings. They are better suited to metal forming, especially forging.

Marking of bronzes is carried out using alphanumeric codes, where the first letters are Br, meaning bronze itself. Additional letters indicate alloying elements, and numbers after the letters indicate the percentage of such elements in the alloy.

Letter designations of bronze alloying elements:

• A – aluminum,
• B – beryllium,
• F – iron,
• K – silicon,
• Mts – manganese,
• N – nickel,
• O - tin,
• C – lead,
• C – zinc,
• F – phosphorus.

An example of marking tin bronze: BrO10S12N3. It stands for “tin bronze with a tin content of up to 10%, lead – up to 12%, nickel – up to 3%.”

An example of decoding aluminum bronze: BrAZh9-4. It stands for “aluminum bronze with an aluminum content of up to 9% and iron up to 4%.”

Copper-nickel alloys

• Cupronickel is an alloy of copper and nickel. Iron and manganese may be present in the alloy as additives. Special cases of technical alloys based on copper and nickel:
• Nickel silver – additionally contains zinc,
• Constantan – additionally contains manganese.

Cupronickel has high corrosion resistance. It lends itself well to any type of mechanical processing. Non-magnetic. It has a pleasant silver color.

Due to its properties, cupronickel is, first of all, a decorative and applied material. Jewelry and souvenirs are made from it. For decorative purposes it is an excellent substitute for silver.

There are 2 brands of cupronickel available:

• MNZHMts – an alloy of copper with nickel, iron and manganese;
• MH19 is an alloy of copper and nickel.

Copper m1 m2 m3 difference - Metalist's Handbook

• 1 Copper M1 - prices in Moscow. Hard, soft, pressed, annealed copper
• 2 Copper sheet grades M1, M1R, M2, M2R, M3, M3R. GOST 495-92
• 3 Copper pipe (tube)
• 4 Copper
• 5 Article about the types and differences of copper scrap, and the services of the Phoenix-C company

sells bushings, round bars, strips, wire rods, sheets, pipes, hexagons, foil, tires and wire from copper alloy M1 at the lowest prices in the assortment.

All types of products are manufactured in accordance with the relevant GOSTs. If necessary, we sell in pieces/blanks. We also provide related services for metalworking, packaging, storage and delivery of goods to various regions of Russia.

We will provide you with a comfortable full-cycle service. Flexible system of discounts. Your own fleet of vehicles - free delivery within Moscow within 1 day. Delivery to the regions in 2-3 days (free delivery to the transport company terminal).

Copper alloy M1 is produced in accordance with GOST 859-2001. This material contains 99.9% copper, as well as other substances: iron, arsenic, nickel, zinc, sulfur, lead, oxygen, bismuth, tin and antimony. This is a highly plastic material with good corrosion resistance. It is highly processed and is part of the manufacturing process for many other metals.

The key alloying elements here are nickel and phosphorus. Copper alloy M1 can be oxygen-free, cathodic, deoxidized with phosphorus or oxygen. At the same time, according to technical parameters, hard and soft copper are distinguished. This alloy is used primarily in the automotive and aircraft industries, as well as in instrument making.

You can get more information on the current range of M1 copper products we offer from our managers.

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This material has a number of analogues abroad:

• American alloy C11000;
• English composition C106;
• Italian copper Cu-DHP;
• European copper Cu-ETP;
• German alloy 2.0090.

They have similar technical characteristics and can be used for the same tasks as the M1 brand.

Areas of application

M1 alloy is used for the manufacture of conductive parts and various rolled semi-finished products. The alloy is also used for the production of tin-free bronze compounds. It is popular in the production of cryogenic equipment, and the wire is often used to make rods intended for welding.

This composition is often used in the automotive and aircraft manufacturing sectors for the production of certain equipment components. It can also be used for the production of devices for various purposes - this is facilitated by the flexibility and ductility of the material.

Buy rolled copper M1 at a profit

We offer to buy rolled copper alloy M1 on favorable terms:

• Large selection of assortments and standard sizes.
• Possibility of additional metal processing - cutting, bending, galvanizing, perforation
• Sale in pieces and blanks
• Sales of products, both wholesale and retail.
• Prices without intermediary commissions.
• Various payment methods and terms.
• Flexible system of discounts for wholesale and regular partners.
• Free professional consultations.
• Possibility of pre-packaging the order in the warehouse.
• Fast delivery times. Shipment of paid goods within 24 hours in Moscow.
• Delivery to Russian regions in 2-3 days. If necessary, we will independently calculate and order the services of a transport company. Delivery to the transport company terminal is free.
• Packaging of goods in accordance with customer requirements. It is possible to use several types of packaging: PET polyester tape and PVC polyethylene film.
• Possibility of storing goods in our warehouse until shipment.
• Return of goods in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Sale of rolled copper M1 from a warehouse in Moscow

Sales of rolled copper are carried out from a warehouse in Moscow, located at the address: 111123, Moscow, sh. Enthusiastov, 56, building 44

You can receive the paid goods by pickup or by delivery, which will be carried out by our company. Our own fleet of vehicles of various tonnage will allow us to inexpensively and quickly deliver your order to your facility.

When ordering products from 100 kg. delivery will be free for you.

Shipment and delivery of paid goods is carried out within one day.

Telephone sales department in Moscow

Sales department phone number in the regions: 8-800-200-73-93

Sales email

Copper sheet grades M1, M1R, M2, M2R, M3, M3R. GOST 495-92

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What associations do you have with the word metal? People with a narrow worldview will say that there is nothing special about this word, but most associate it primarily with reliability and, for some reason, with a hard blow) Now it’s even difficult to imagine how humanity used to get by with such a hardy and almost indestructible substance . But since now all industries are closely connected with metal, namely products made from it, we need a company that will sell rolled metal at affordable prices. One of such useful and responsible companies is Metal rolling in St. Petersburg.

Copper sheets are made from copper grades M1, M1R, M2, M2R, M3, M3R in accordance with GOST 495-92, the chemical composition of which corresponds to GOST 859.

Among the huge assortment of varieties of products, you can choose the most suitable one for yourself (copper sheet, reinforcing strands, corners, etc.) for you and by purchasing you can be confident in its strength, because it is strength that determines 100% of the quality of any metal.

Technical characteristics of copper sheet

Each metal alloy has its own individual characteristics, which determine their use and service life. Having decided on the purpose, you can safely choose the one that suits you, taking into account all the features. For example, a copper sheet is very easy to use, but titanium sheets are distinguished by good strength and require good skill in using it.

Copper sheet weight

Almost every product leaving the factory has a standard weight for easy transportation and packaging. Just imagine what would happen if every metal was produced in any size. It would make your life very difficult.