Why knives made of steel 65x13 are so popular in Russia, we understand the pros and cons

It is not possible to create a steel grade with an ideal structure, so manufacturers strive to develop alloys with optimal characteristics intended for specific purposes. For example, you can compare knives made of soft steel, which is easier to sharpen, and knives made of hard material, which is resistant to mechanical stress, but is difficult to sharpen. This analysis allows you to select the necessary tool depending on the task assigned to the cutting tool.

Sheet of steel 40X13.

Characteristics

The complexity of the chemical composition affects the speed of the steel manufacturing process, which leads to an increase in the cost of the product.

Sometimes the quality of a knife depends not on a specific brand, but on the quality of heat treatment. 40x13 steel is just that case. It is one of the most popular brands and has fairly stable characteristics.

The name “medical steel” is firmly attached to 40x13 steel.

Medical scalpels have always been made from it, so the 40x13 brand has always been considered the best. This opinion was cemented due to the fact that it is stainless steel, and the excellent cutting of the scalpel was achieved due to a very thin blade and razor sharpening.

Advantages

Main advantages:

1. High heat resistance.
2. Corrosion resistance.
3. Absolutely does not rust.

Does not corrode even in sea water. This property is used by manufacturers of diver knives. But the instruments still need good care. If the blade is kept in constant dampness, it will slowly become rusty.

Flaws

Steel 40x13 for knives has not only advantages, but also disadvantages. The cutting edge is relatively soft, can be sharpened well, but quickly becomes dull. For this reason, it is not recommended for tourists or hunters to purchase knives made of 40x13 steel, since it will have to be sharpened often.

A definite disadvantage is that the knives are very flexible; they are not recommended for cutting hard surfaces.

And one more quality that does not speak in favor of 40x13 is instability to aggressive environments and high temperatures. Therefore, use in welding is strictly prohibited.

40X13 does not corrode.

40Х10С2М (EI-107)

This steel can be called a modification of the previous model (40X13). Changes in the chemical composition can be considered minor. But they allow, for example, to maintain sharpening for a longer time. And the steel itself turns out to be a little harder. But the main thing is that this material has very good anti-corrosion properties. The metal quite successfully resists numerous negative environments and can withstand sudden temperature changes. Blades are mainly made from this steel for various special needs. They last a long time, and on top of that, the price of such products is relatively low.

Application area

The application of the alloy is quite wide. Currently, it is used to make kitchen knives at low cost. Housewives like them because they are easy to care for and, if you follow basic rules, they hardly rust. The knife blades are sharp and easy to sharpen. You can cut any food: fish, meat, fruits, vegetables. The tools are completely safe to use.

In addition, the following are made from 40x13:

• medical scalpels;
• measuring devices;
• bearings;
• springs;
• manicure tools;
• compressor parts and many other household items.

Alloy knives are used by fishermen, divers, tourists, divers and simple cooks. Some people prefer to have souvenir blades that have a beautiful appearance.

Parts made of steel 40Х13.

65G-H12MF1

One of the best examples of steel in existence. Its main advantage is that it cuts perfectly, does not dull for a long time and can even withstand serious shock loads. This steel is easy to care for - just polish, sharpen, and does not require any special storage conditions. But you need to carefully monitor the environment in which the blade will be kept. It is recommended to avoid alkaline and acidic environments. Otherwise, the knife will very quickly begin to lose its properties and appearance. For example, with short-term exposure to negative factors, dark spots will begin to appear on the metal. And constant maintenance in an alkaline environment will lead to rust.

Chemical composition of steel

• the amount of carbon (C) in the alloy is from 0.36 to 0.45 percent;
• the other component is silicon (Si) . In percentage terms, its amount does not exceed 0.8. The same amount of manganese (Mn) ;
• chromium (Cr) gives corrosion resistance . 12 to 14 percent is an excellent figure;
• not without impurities in the form of sulfur (S) - up to 0.025%, and phosphorus (P) - up to 0.030%;

Decoding steel 40X

In the CIS, the GOST 4543-2016 standard is used, which allows you to determine not only the chemical composition, but also the various performance qualities of the material.

Steel 40X GOST defines the following substances in its composition:

1. The first number 40 is used to indicate the main element in the composition, which is carbon. As a rule, most of the composition is iron, and carbon, the concentration of which is 0.44%, determines the main performance characteristics.
2. The next letter X indicates that the composition contains an alloying element represented by chromium. The absence of a number after the letter indicates that the concentration of the element is 1.1%. As previously noted, chromium increases the corrosion resistance of the structure. However, the steel grade in question, 40X, is not characterized by high anti-corrosion qualities.
3. Considering 40X GOST, we note that the composition includes a fairly large amount of nickel, silicon and manganese. They determine some of the performance characteristics of the metal, but they are not noted in the markings.

Deciphering allows you to determine the chemical composition and basic performance qualities of the material. It is worth considering that foreign manufacturers use different standards when labeling materials, but the chemical composition of analogues is approximately similar.

Technological properties

Steel gains its resistance to corrosion after undergoing a complex technological process, which consists of special hardening. During this action, complete dissolution of the carbide is noted, resulting in anti-corrosion protection. The decrease in corrosion resistance is associated with a low chromium content in the carbide or a decrease in the melting point to 6000C. If the technological process is carried out correctly, this phenomenon should not occur.

Steel melting is carried out in open furnaces or induction furnaces.

The temperature ranges from 850 to 11000C. This value is sufficient for complete deformation. To avoid the formation of cracks, the technological process includes heating and cooling modes, carried out alternately.

Molten steel 40Х13.

Heat treatment

Due to the high chromium content, 40x13 steel must be heated at a high temperature, and it must be heated very precisely.

Proper hardening gives high hardness (58HRC), but at the expense of ductility. It is believed that the hardness of 40x13 should be in the range from 53 to 56 HRC. Values ​​exceeding this threshold are either greatly overestimated, or the hardening technology was violated. This action makes the steel too brittle.

110Х18М-ШД

This steel is of the bearing type. And all because most often it is not knives that are made from this material, but various rings, bushings and rollers. Moreover, all this is used mainly in the oil industry. And this immediately indicates the high strength of the steel, because in the well these parts have to withstand enormous temperatures and other negative environmental influences. As for the blades, they turn out excellent - strong, sharp, durable, and so on. But the disadvantage of this steel is the high cost of its production. This means that the price of knives is also quite high.

Reviews

The popularity of products made from 40x13 steel is confirmed by numerous reviews from tool users. Such properties as sharpness and ease of sharpening are especially noted. Many also like the ease of maintenance and anti-corrosion properties.

A lot of feedback comes from medical workers, in particular from surgeons. It’s not for nothing that the material is called medical steel.

Thrifty housewives note that this is quite suitable steel for household purposes, subject to normal heat treatment. Some have been using knives for about 20 years, and even take them on hikes. The tool has never failed. Particularly pleasing is the easy sharpening with any available tools.

Manicurists and hairdressers like tools made from medical steel. They also note the durability of 40x13 steel products. Nippers and other cutting tools are needed to give nails a certain shape and neatness. A manicurist with ten years of experience admires its durability: the tool remains sharp for a long time and does not deform when sharpened.

Manicure tool made of steel 40X13.

We must not miss the point that any, even the most durable thing, requires that it be treated carefully and comply with the minimum requirements. Knife blades, for example, do not like to be stored in damp conditions. Do not leave the surface dirty. If you neglect these rules, rust appears on the blades. It can be removed when sharpening, but durability will suffer.

The material for knives must have certain properties. Be soft enough to sharpen, hard enough to not become dull when cutting. Do not rust, withstand temperature changes, safe enough for the food industry. The required qualities are achieved by composition and processing. A popular alloy for the production of knives is stainless steel 40X13 . It is used in everyday life, industry, fishermen, and hunters. This steel differs from others in its low cost and ease of maintenance. The quality of the material depends on the country of origin and the purity of the alloy.

95Х18

Without exaggeration, this is the best Russian-made steel, and therefore it is extremely popular among domestic and foreign companies. When properly manufactured, the metal gains excellent hardness, flexibility and strength. Knives made from this material usually last for more than one year. And at the same time they can look as if they were made just yesterday. But you just need to try to avoid getting salt on the blade and prolonged exposure to moisture. The only negative is that a blade made of such steel is very difficult to sharpen. You will have to spend a lot of effort or even use special devices. But the knives keep a good sharpening for quite a long time.

Characteristics of steel

Steel - martensitic class, intended for parts operating at temperatures up to 450 degrees , as well as in corrosive environments. Belongs to group X13 . The absence of nickel reduces the formation of carbides, which contributes to the stability of mechanical properties. The quantitative composition of additional alloying elements is the same throughout the group. This allows you to have a number of mechanical and chemical properties as a result of the use of heat treatment technology:

1. Corrosion resistance.
2. Heat resistance.
3. Heat resistance.
4. Wear resistance.

Corrosion resistance is ensured by the content of martensite , carbides and retained austenite in the hardened state of the microstructure. It is characterized by increased resistance to vibration and alternating loads that occur in products operating at temperatures above 300 degrees Celsius .

For a material of this class, obtaining a combination of strength and hardness is not easy. The higher the hardness, the more brittle the parts become, and under impact loads they will be prone to cracking.

Heat treatment is used depending on the operating conditions of the product. For shafts and axles operating under conditions of mechanical and corrosive wear in a humid environment, normalization with exposure and high tempering is used. For products subject to shock loads during operation, stepwise hardening with high tempering is used, the number of cycles depends on the required surface hardness.

Surface hardness index for a knife is 40-60 HRC . Operating range 52-58 HRC . Steel 40X13 is difficult to harden . But you can achieve 57 HRC . The delivery condition ensures the hardness of the rolled products up to 229 HB .

It is well subjected to hot deformation - forging under slow heating and cooling conditions. Cold deformation is limited.

The alloy is produced in hot-rolled form. There are sheets, shapes, long products, calibrated rods, strips, tapes, and wires.

Hardening

If the hardening technology is followed, then the final hardness of the products after heat treatment should be within 59...62 HRC. To fulfill this condition and maintain the required structure (martensite + austenite), you must adhere to the following recommendations:

Hardening processes proceed in full if they begin at 800...820 °C. The ratio of the time of preliminary and final heating of the tool for hardening should be the same, and be in the temperature range of 400...500 °C. The exact heating time is usually calculated depending on the surface area of ​​the tool and its volume

This is especially important when heating workpieces in molten salts: for melts it should be 8...14 minutes, for aqueous solutions - 15...30 minutes (increased standards are applied for tools with sharply different longitudinal and transverse dimensions). Cooling of the tool after hardening is carried out in water, the temperature of which (regardless of the time of year and the temperature in the thermal compartment) should be within 18...25 °C. At lower temperatures, the risk of cracking of products increases, and at higher temperatures, the hardness of the tool is uneven

The same defect is possible when the quenching medium is contaminated with mineral and organic residues. Hardening of U8 steel in air is impossible.

After hardening, the products are released. In this case, the martensitic transformation occurs fully, internal stresses are reduced, and the viscosity of the core increases. The tempering temperature of U8 steel after hardening is 140...200 °C: it is after these temperatures that the final product will retain sufficient hardness and will have a sufficiently viscous core. The holding time is taken within 120...200 s; for the measuring instrument, the temperature can be further reduced by 20...50 °C.

Sometimes, after sharpening and grinding a tool made of U8 steel (mainly a measuring tool), additional tempering is carried out. In this case, the temperature is 300...350 °C, and the holding time is 1.5...2 hours, followed by cooling of the part in air.

Steel analogues and scope

4X13 is the old name. There are foreign analogues that differ in the purity of the alloy, the absence or presence of impurities.

Foreign analogues from different suppliers: American AISI420, Japanese SUS420J2, French X40Cr14, English 420S45, Italian X40Cr14, Spanish F.3404, Chinese 4C13, Polish 4h23, Czech 17024. All analogs have similar characteristics.

Application area:

1. Measuring tool.
2. Cutting tool.
3. Household items.
4. Medical instruments.
5. Shafts.
6. Springs.
7. Bearings.
8. Measuring devices for forging production.
9. Details of compressor units.
10. Cutting knives of devices for hot stamping.

Disadvantages of use

The disadvantages of parts made from 40X13 include:

• Instability to aggressive environments.
• Poor weldability of parts.
• To achieve the required hardness, it is necessary to use multi-stage hardening and tempering.
• Do not use on hard surfaces.
• It is not recommended to store in damp conditions; the part is subject to pitting corrosion.

The appearance of corrosion points due to improper storage will be removed by repeated sharpening, which is considered one of the disadvantages and advantages of steel.

RWL-34

This steel is a hardening type and is made from a special powder. Similar technologies appeared only 20 years ago in Sweden and have been successfully used since then. Thanks to a special manufacturing process, it is possible to obtain metal of great strength. Blades made from this steel last a long time, have good anti-corrosion properties and remain sharp for a long time. The latter is the main characteristic that people pay attention to, so products made from this steel are used primarily in those industries where cutting capabilities are critical.

How to make a knife from steel 40X13

The technology for making a knife from steel 40X13 is the same as for other grades of steel. If you are making your first blade, then you need 40X13 steel to master the technological process .

The workpiece must be forged, preferably to a given configuration . The forging process strengthens the structure, which will have a good effect on the properties of the cutting part.

A template of the future blade is applied to the forging and cut along the contour. Cutting is carried out only in the tempered state of the workpiece, with simultaneous cooling. Avoid overheating when cutting.

The edges and planes are pre-processed and sharpened to the required dimensions, and holes are drilled in the handle to install fastening pins. Heat treatment (hardening, tempering) is carried out to impart hardness and ductility.

The workpiece is polished with mandatory cooling. Overheating will weaken the steel and reduce its strength. Polished to a shine.

The manufactured wooden handle is mounted on pins. It is glued with epoxy glue, sanded until smooth so that it fits well in the hand, and treated with oil. The oil protects against moisture and gives the wooden handle a beautiful look. Final grinding of the cutting edge of the blade. A convenient and practical knife is ready.

Temperature changes in structure

Hardening is carried out very often for products made from high-quality structural steels containing more than 0.4% C, and almost always for structural alloy steels, since it is for them that they usually have increased strength requirements.

The choice of hardening mode depends on the purpose of the part. The most common technologies are:

• Heat treatment of low-carbon structural steels (less than 0.2% C), which require a combination of surface hardness with a sufficiently tough core. In this case, carburization is first performed - saturating the surface with an additional amount of carbon, and only then the steel is hardened;
• Heat treatment of medium-carbon steels with 0.3...0.6% C. They are used for the production of critical engineering products of complex shape that operate under alternating loads. Normalization is always performed after hardening;
• Chemical-thermal treatment, which is performed on high-alloy steels, where deep layers can remain viscous. The main options for such processing - cyanidation, nitriding, sulfurization - are also carried out after hardening.

3 Forms of Iron Crystals in Ultra High Carbon Steel

All structural steels are of the hypoeutectoid type: the percentage of carbon in them does not exceed 0.8%. In the structure of steel after hardening, depending on the heating conditions, there are the following components:

1. In the temperature range up to 723 °C - ferrite and perlite (perlite is a mechanical mixture of ferrite and cementite, into which carbides of alloying elements are also mixed).
2. Above this temperature and up to 850...900 °C there is a mixture of ferrite with austenite, and the region of stable existence of the structure depends on the percentage of carbon, and gradually decreases from the range 950...723 °C to 0.
3. Below this temperature line the structure is already purely austenitic.

https://youtube.com/watch?v=sz_x-WqkcIs

To display the dynamics of structural changes in structural steels when heated, the well-known “iron-carbon” diagram is widely used, according to which the quenching and subsequent tempering modes are established. Often photographs of structural components are also provided.

Conclusion

Safe and widely used steel suitable for common kitchen knives . You can’t do without them in your household - they are easy to care for, easy to sharpen, and have stainless properties. Cutting any food is not difficult at all. Sufficient hardness of the knife body, sharp edge, and not too wide knife will allow you to thinly slice any product.

Widely used in everyday life - a knife on the kitchen table, a scalpel in the hands of a surgeon, measuring devices, springs, shafts, household products, and industry.

The tourist folding knife looks decent and is of appropriate quality, despite the low price. The wide blade with a 2.1 mm spine has high slopes and a thin tip, which allows for smooth, precise cuts. The bakelite handle fits comfortably in the hand thanks to the classic grooves. And the metal guard and pommel reliably protect the bakelite part of the handle from damage.

Gudgeon

This multi-purpose tool will come in handy when camping and for performing most household tasks. The blade here is fixed, made of the considered steel 40x13, therefore it has all its pros and cons. The handles are wooden, with an easily recognizable texture. The guard is metal and serves to protect the hand from slipping and the main part of the handle from damage. “Gudgeon” is supplied complete with a textile case made of cordura.

Mosquito

The 40x13 butcher knife is hardened to 54-56 HRC and has a good ratio of hardness and elasticity. “Mosquito”, like other thrust knives, is intended for self-defense, but is not a bladed weapon. Its compactness and lightness (70 g) are convenient for everyday wear. The shape of the handle and the large finger cutout provide a secure, firm grip.

Midshipman

“Michman” is not just a folding tool, but more of a multifunctional tool. The main element is a full-fledged blade with a hardness of 55 HRC, which opens using a nail hook. There is also a corkscrew, bottle opener and can opener. All elements are made of steel 40x13. The folding mechanism has a built-in Back lock - simple, but strong and reliable. The handles are made of wood; the pommel has a narrow hole for a lanyard.

Flint

An automatic folding device is useful on a hike, at home or in urban environments. The versatility is largely ensured by the successful shape of the blade, high slopes, and a razor-sharp blade. The Plunge-lock lock provides reliable fixation in the open and closed state. The handles are made of black (ebony) wood, firmly secured with metal rivets.

Rimbaud

A true survival tool. The butt is not smooth, but has deep teeth, which allows the tool to be used as a file. The guard performs the task of a Phillips and flathead screwdriver. The handle is wrapped with synthetic thread for a rigid grip on the hand, and on the pommel there is a special metal element with a hole for a lanyard.

The pommel unscrews, and a compass and a plastic container are hidden inside the handle. The container contains a good emergency supply: adhesive plaster, matches, fishing line and hook. “Rimbaud” is supplied complete with a leather case.

Target

A set of 3 throwing knives, as expected, made of 40x13 steel. For throwing you need a reliable tool that is not afraid of shock loads, with an optimal ratio of hardness and flexibility. This is exactly what Michel knives are thanks to the correct processing of the alloy. Each blade is decorated with original engraving. Deep valleys and a properly aligned center of gravity help maintain the flight path. The set comes in a folding cordura case with 3 compartments.

Atacama-2

A serious survival tool used as a knife, ax or machete. The shape of the blade actually resembles the famous edged weapon – the machete. It is convenient to rest your hand on the butt, which is as much as 5 mm thick, when performing heavy cutting work. For safety, there is a reliable long guard and finger grooves on the butt. The non-slip surface of the wooden handle also prevents your hand from slipping. Supplied complete with a nylon case.

Frenchman

This lightweight, elegant folding knife is useful for daily carry or for use in natural conditions. The narrow blade lends itself well to sharpening to a razor sharpness and is not afraid of mechanical stress. The bevel on the butt and the finely pointed point ensure a correct, controlled cut. The wooden handle has shallow grooves for a comfortable grip, a recognizable original texture, and does not get cold on the hand. A nail hook is provided for opening.

Novgorod

A working knife is useful for any cutting work in nature: while hiking, hunting or fishing. The fixed blade is hardened to 56 HRC, has optimal impact strength, and can be sharpened with standard abrasives. The name of the model and manufacturer's brand is engraved in the area of ​​the canvas. There is also patterned engraving on the metal guard. A nylon case is provided for storage and transportation.

Sources used:

• https://vashnozh.ru/stal/40×13
• https://plusiminusi.ru/stal-40×13-dlya-nozhej-plyusy-i-minusy/
• https://muzhskie-hobby.ru/luchshie-nozhi-iz-stali-40h13/

Knife steels. Description. Comparison. Choice

Sharpness alone is clearly not enough for a good blade. Wear resistance is extremely important when assessing the quality of a cutting edge. This property is directly related to the percentage of carbon. In ordinary carbon steel, maximum hardness is achieved at a C content of 0.7% (approximately 64 NS), and with further wear resistance mainly increases. Alloying additives are of great importance for increasing the mechanical properties of steel: chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, nickel, silicon, manganese. Therefore, alloy tool steel has serious advantages over conventional carbon steel, including in terms of hardness and wear resistance. It should be borne in mind that alloying elements improve strength and toughness at low concentrations and deteriorate them with increasing concentrations. One of the most valuable alloying elements is molybdenum, the addition of which causes an increase in strength and toughness at the same time. Apparently, it is the high molybdenum content (up to 7–8%) in Japanese katanas that largely determines their outstanding qualities. Elements such as chromium, tungsten, vanadium, while increasing hardness and strength, at the same time contribute to increasing fragility. The high chromium content (starting from 13%) not only increases hardness and wear resistance, thereby improving the cutting properties of the blade, but also gives the steel anti-corrosion properties. However, such steel becomes somewhat more brittle than ordinary carbon steel. Stainless steel 440C (its domestic analogue is 95Х18) is considered one of the best knife steels. It sharpens well and holds an edge for quite a long time. At the same time, it is significantly inferior in terms of the combination of hardness, wear resistance, viscosity and elasticity to such brands as 154CM, ATS-34, BG-42, which contain less chromium, but contain about 4% molybdenum and some other alloying elements . All of the above grades, including 440C, belong to the class of modern ball-bearing stainless or low-rust steels. And this, of course, is not accidental: a high degree of wear resistance is an indispensable quality for them.

Cowry X is a tough powder steel specially developed by Diado Steel Company for cutting tools. It contains 3% carbon, 20% chromium, 1% molybdenum, 0.3% vanadium and can be hardened to 63 -66 HRC without increasing brittleness.

Cowry Y (CP-4) – Japanese corrosion-resistant steel produced by Daido Steel Co., LTD with 1.2% carbon, 14% Cr; 3% Mo; 1% V. Used in knife making.

ZDP-189 (Has the same composition as Cowry X) is a high-carbon tool powder steel produced by Hitachi Metals Corporation (Japan), developed based on amorphous metal alloy technology, used in the manufacture of knives. It combines extremely high hardness, which currently has no analogues among other steel grades, but at the same time it has significant strength and toughness. Composition: C: 2.90-3.00%; Si: 0.35; Cr: 19.00-20.50%; Mo: 0.90-1.00%; V: 0.25-0.35%

ZDP-247 is a high-carbon tool steel produced by Hitachi Metals Corporation (Japan), developed based on amorphous metal alloy technology, used in the manufacture of knives. The composition of the steel is a trade secret of Hitachi Metals Corporation.

ELMAX is a chrome-molybdenum-vanadium stainless steel powder produced by Uddeholm (Sweden). Chemical composition of steel: C - 1.7%, Si - 0.8%, Mn - 0.3%, Cr - 18.0%, Mo - 1.0%, V - 3.0%. Hardness 62-65 HRC. It has proven itself to be excellent, with high wear resistance, impact strength and corrosion resistance. Holds sharp edges for a long time. ELMAX powder steel knives will be appreciated by both professionals and amateurs.

VG-1 (V Gold 1) stainless steel manufactured by Takefu Special Steel Co.,Ltd. Composition: C 0.95-1.05%; Cr 13.00-15.00; Mo 0.20-0.40%; Ni 0.25%. Usually hardened to 58 – 61 HRC. Cold Steel claims VG-1 has better sharpening, edge retention and toughness than 440C, VG-10 and ATS-34 steels; others say VG-1 is simply cheaper. VG-1 is often used to make kitchen knives, hairdressing scissors and food processing machine blades.

M390 steel is a corrosion-resistant martensitic chromium steel with a high content of well-dispersed Cr and V carbides. Knives made from M390 steel have the highest corrosion resistance, excellent cutting properties, optimal wear resistance, and reliable fracture resistance, exceeding existing standards. Composition of M390 Steel: C-1.90%, Si-0.70%, Mn-0.30%, Cr-20%, Mo-1%, V-4%, W-0.60%.

Vanadis 10 is a new high-tech cold-formed powder tool steel produced by Uddeholm (Sweden), alloyed with chromium, molybdenum and vanadium. It has a unique combination of abrasive wear resistance and resistance to chipping, as well as good toughness. Chemical composition: C (2.9%), Si (0.5%), Mn (0.5%), Cr (8.0%), Mo (1.5%), V (9.8%). Steel hardness 62-65 HRC.

VG-2 is a Japanese corrosion-resistant steel developed by Takefu Special Steel Co., Ltd. (Japan) for linings of multi-layer kitchen knives.

VG-10 is a Japanese corrosion-resistant steel developed by Takefu Special Steel Co., Ltd. (Japan) for cutting tools. Known as V-Gold No. 10. Composition: C 0.95-1.05%; Cr 14.50-15.50; Co 1.30-1.50%; Mn 0.50%; Mo 0.90-1.20%. Hardened to 60 – 61 HRC (Rockwell units).

CPM S30V is a powdered, martensitic (high carbon) stainless steel developed by Dick Barber of Crucible Materials Corporation in conjunction with renowned knife maker Chris Reeve. The chemical composition of steel promotes the formation of a larger amount of vanadium carbides (4.00% vanadium in steel) which are more effective when cutting than chromium carbides. Vanadium carbides give the grain structure of the steel a more uniform appearance, which improves cutting and strength properties. Despite the difficulty of hardening CPM S30V steel, knifemakers use it because it is easier to grind on a grinder than other powder steels. Composition: C-1.45%, Cr-14.00%, V-4.00%, Mo-2.00%.

ZA-18 - Japanese steel produced by Aichi Steel. The company recently developed this steel to improve upon the well-known VG-10 steel. The steel is hardened and then cryogenically treated (cryo-hardening) to convert the remaining austenite to martensite. Steel hardness 60-61 HRC. The chemical composition of ZA-18 is similar to that of VG-10 steel, but contains more carbon (1.20% vs. 1.05% for VG-10), Chromium (18.0 vs. 15.5), Molybdenum (1.50 vs. 1.20) and Cobalt (1.8 vs. 1.5) for greater hardness, strength and corrosion resistance.

ATS-34 is a high-carbon chromium bearing steel made in Japan (Hitachi Metals), which has been widely popular since the late 80s. 20th century in the manufacture of blades of expensive serial and original models. Very similar in composition to the American 154-CM and the Swedish RWL-34. Steel of these grades is usually hardened to 60 HRC and at this hardness behaves stably, maintaining high rigidity, however, they are not as resistant to rust as 440 series steels. Composition: C 1.05%, Mn 0.4%, Cr 14.0%, Mo 4.0% .

ATS-55 is a high-carbon chromium steel made in Japan, used in the manufacture of blades of serial models. Composition: C 1.00%, Mn 0.5%, Cr 14.0%, Mo 0.60%, Co 0.40%, Cu 0.20%, Si 0.40%.

AUS-4 is a corrosion-resistant steel made in Japan (Aichi Steel Works). It can be compared to 420J2 steel, but by definition it does not have sufficient rigidity due to the low carbon content in the alloy. A knife made of this steel is easy to edit and sharpen, but it also quickly loses its edge. Composition: C 0.40…0.45%, Mn 1.0%, Cr 13…14.5%, Ni 0.50%; Si 1.0%.

AUS-6 is a corrosion-resistant steel made in Japan (Aichi Steel Works), which is popular in the manufacture of blades for inexpensive serial models of folding and kitchen knives. There is a variety of AUS-6M of increased purity. Comparable to 440A steel. Composition: C 0.55…0.65%, Mn 1.0%, Cr 13…14.5%, Ni 0.50%; Si 1.0%, V 0.10…0.25%.

AUS-8 is a corrosion-resistant steel made in Japan (Aichi Steel Works), which has long been popular in the manufacture of blades for serial models of folding and kitchen knives, usually hardened to 57-59 HRC. Comparable to 440B steel. Composition: C 0.70…0.75%, Mn 0.50%, Mo 0.10…0.30%, Cr 13…14.5%, Ni 0.50%; Si 1.0%, V 0.10…0.26%.

AUS-10 is a corrosion-resistant steel made in Japan (Aichi Steel Works), which is popular in the manufacture of blades for serial models of various knives. There is a variety of AUS-10M of increased purity. AUS-10 has about the same carbon content as 440C, but contains less chromium, so is slightly less corrosion resistant. Composition: C 0.95…1.10%, Mn 0.50%, Mo 0.10…0.31%, Cr 13…14.5%, Ni 0.50%; Si 1.0%, V 0.10…0.27%.

FAX18 is a powdered “high-speed steel (HSS)” popular in the production of blades, with increased wear resistance and strength produced by the NACHI-FUJIKOSHI Corporation. Analogues: DEX-M1 (Diado steel) HAP5R (Hitachi metals).Hardness 58-62 HRC

H-1 is a stainless steel typical of Spyderco knives. Due to its unusual chemical composition, it has increased corrosion resistance, including in the sea, where the amount of salt is increased. It also boasts high cutting performance and the ability to hold an edge for a long time. It is quite difficult to process, so it is used relatively rarely, most often in the production of professional knives for yachtsmen, sailors, etc.

G-2 is the old name for the Japanese corrosion-resistant steel GIN-1 (Gingami 1), popular for making blades. The name was changed in the late 90s due to the availability of plastic with the same name on the North American market. Composition: C 0.90%; Cr 15.50%; Mn 0.60%; Mo 0.30%; Si 0.37%.

KK is a Japanese alloy steel produced by Hitachi (Japan), popular in the production of professional chef knives and straight razors. Composition: C – 1.20…1.30%, Si – 0.15…0.20%, Mn – 0.10…0.30%, Cr – 0.15…0.30%.

3G is a Swedish batch (composite) powder steel of the latest generation, one of the best in its class. The high carbon content (1.4%) gives it the hardness and rigidity necessary for a “knife” alloy, and additional impurities contribute to high corrosion resistance, good impact strength and wear resistance.

8Cr13MoV is a Chinese steel common to Spyderco's Byrd line of knives. This is a steel with a fairly high content of carbon, chromium, vanadium and molybdenum; it holds an edge well and at the same time is easy to sharpen.

8Cr14MoV - Chinese steel, similar to the previous one, including in chemical composition. The presence of a greater amount of chromium in it than in 8Cr13MoV allows it to combine the same cutting and strength qualities with improved anti-corrosion protection.

420 – the most popular, cheapest and absolutely stainless steel. In Japan, they make quite high-quality products from 420. In the “Western” version, 420 steel is also considered a normal inexpensive knife material. Thanks to heat treatment using nitrogen, Tramontina is able to achieve 53HRC hardness, flexibility and excellent corrosion resistance from steel. This once again confirms that high-quality hardening and processing are often more important than the grade (chemical composition) of steel.

420J2 is a Japanese steel that has been used for a long time in the production of knives by various companies. Due to its availability, ease of processing and significant distribution, knife manufacturers use it both independently and in composite alloys, where 420J2 acts as a lining, enclosing the harder steel inside.

420HC (High Carbone) is one of the popular alloys used for mass production of knives in recent years. Many well-known manufacturers prefer this steel because of its low cost, ease of processing, strength sufficient for an average knife and good anti-corrosion survivability. 420HC steel holds a cutting edge well, but requires sharpening from time to time; it is inferior in this regard to higher-class steels; a knife made from it is easy to resharpen. In fact, 420HC steel, as a result of cryogenic treatment during hardening, becomes equal in characteristics to 440A steel, no more. The general trend in the knife industry to move from 440A to 420HC with cryogenic processing is due to the following reasons: 420HC is less expensive, 420HC is easier to machine, 440A is no longer available in the form of bars of a convenient shape for making long knives. The desire to disguise these reasons with advertising of non-existent super properties is on the conscience of the manufacturers.

Sandvic 12C27 is a tool steel from Sandvic AB (Sweden), with properties similar to 420NS. It cannot boast of outstanding characteristics, but in its own way it is of high quality and suitable for use in the production of knives for various purposes. It is also traditionally known for its “pure composition”, i.e. absence of any foreign impurities. Composition: C – 0.6%, Mn – 0.35%, Cr -14.0%.

440A / 440B / 440C - Carbon content 440A (0.75%), 440B (0.9%), 440C (0.95-1.20%; (Cr 16.00-18.00; Mo 0.75). All three grades of steel have high corrosion resistance, hold an edge well and have high hardness (56-60 HRC).440C is considered one of the most successful and balanced knife steels in its properties.

N690 steel is produced by Bohler Edelstahl in Austria. The composition is similar to 440C, but contains the addition of vanadium and cobalt (C 0.95-1.20%; Cr 16.00-18.00; Mo 0.75; V – 0.1; Co – 1.5), which gives additional corrosion resistance and allows the steel to be hardened a little stronger (more than approximately 2 points on the Rockwell scale).

3Cr13 is a Chinese stainless steel that is a modified 440A steel hardened to a hardness of approximately 57 HRC. Due to the increased carbon content, its cutting properties are superior to 420J2, but inferior to 420NS. It is used on mid-price knives from different manufacturers.

D2 is a modern tool steel, sometimes called "semi-stainless". It has a fairly high chromium content (12%), but its amount is still not enough to classify this steel as stainless. Despite this, in terms of “corrosion resistance” it is far superior to any carbon steel. It also has high strength, which allows you to maintain a cutting edge for a long time.

X12MF is a domestic alloyed chromium tool steel, an analogue of imported D2. It has high corrosion resistance (at least with minimal care), but if it gets into an acidic or alkaline environment, dark spots may appear on a blade made from this steel, and in very advanced cases, a rusty coating. But in terms of cutting capabilities, it has no equal among ordinary and stainless steels. Holds the cutting edge well and has average resistance to impact loads. Easy to polish. Technological.

ХВГ (9ХВГ) – refers to non-heat-resistant steels of high hardness for cutting tools. Blades made from it are relatively easy to manufacture (due to low deformability during hardening), are easy to sharpen and have a significant margin of durability of the cutting edge. Durable. Corrosion resistance is weak, so they are chrome-plated or blued.

Х6ВФ - in Russia they are used for stamps and hand saws. Blades made of this steel have very good strength properties combined with a durable cutting edge. Satisfactory corrosion resistance. If you are interested in a short hunting blade or a combat knife, this steel is for you.

5ХНМ is even more durable than Х6ВФ and has good cutting properties. This steel is used for band saws. Technological. Durable even at low temperatures. Anti-corrosion properties are weak. Optimal for a survival knife and extreme tourism - with a minimum of care, you can safely rely on a blade made of such steel in all life’s collisions.

U10, U11, U10A, U11A and high-viscosity U7A, U8A, U7, U8 are non-heat-resistant tool steels of high hardness. These steels are used for hand tools, stamps, measuring tools and files, which are usually forged into blades. The marks of the file left on the blade give them a special charm. These grades provide sufficient strength combined with good cutting ability. Corrosion resistance – weak.

1095 / 1080 / 1070 / 1060 / 1055 / 1050 etc. – simple and cheap carbon, an analogue of Russian tool steels (U8, U10A, etc.). As the number decreases after 10, the amount of carbon in the steel also decreases, therefore the steel becomes softer and holds the cutting edge worse. Therefore, 1050 and 1060 are often used for the manufacture of swords, where ductility and resistance to impact loads are important. In knives, 1095 is most often found. A significant disadvantage is very low corrosion resistance.

R6M5 – high-hardness heat-resistant tool steel, “Bystrorez”, an analogue of the foreign M-2. Just like almost any quick cutter - it holds a thin cutting edge well, but is susceptible to corrosion and chipping. It is poorly polished - it is important to keep this in mind, since many polish knives by hand, and polishing a blade made of such steel can cost 50-60% of the cost of the knife.

50HGA - high-quality alloyed chromium-manganese spring steel - is very popular among blacksmiths. Very viscous. Good cutting edge resistance combined with strength properties comparable to 5ХНМ make it an ideal material for long-bladed weapons and for knives that require increased strength, including combat knives. Corrosion resistance is not too high, slightly higher than that of 5ХНМ.

ShKh15 - ball bearing steel is quite similar to 50KhGA in properties, except that it is chosen in favor by those who have to slightly sacrifice strength in favor of better durability of the cutting edge. This steel is mainly forged as it is difficult to find straight strips of it.

40Х13 (45Х13) is a popular steel with good corrosion resistance. It is used in the manufacture of knives for divers, divers and fishermen. It is common in the production of middle-class household knives (including folding ones) and souvenir blades. The durability of the cutting edge is satisfactory, since 40X13 is a fairly soft steel. Steel is difficult to harden, but high-quality hardening gives the blades of this brand quite good hardness (up to 57 HRC), which once again confirms the position that high-quality hardening and processing are often more important than the grade (chemical composition) of steel. The softness of this steel can also be a plus, since knives made of 40X13 steel are easy to sharpen (unlike 95X18 blades). Another positive point is that such knives do not rust under any conditions and do not require additional care. Foreign analogues of this steel are considered to be the popular 420 (USA) steel, as well as X21Cr13 (Germany); SUS420J1 (Japan). Composition: C: 0.36-0.45%; Cr: 12.0-14.0%; Mn: ≤ 0.80%; Si: ≤0.8%; P ≤0.03%; S ≤0.025%.

40Х10С2М (EI-107) – the steel is in its own way a modification of 40Х13 steel with minor changes in composition. For the user, this gives a slightly more durable blade sharpening with slightly harder steel. In addition, this type of steel has a relatively low cost, which has a positive effect on the cost of the product as a whole. Steel has proven itself well in the manufacture of knife and blade products, as it has the necessary combination of hardness and toughness, high corrosion resistance to various aggressive environments, has excellent wear resistance, heat resistance and heat resistance. Among the foreign analogues of this steel, steel 425mod (USA), X45CrMoV15 (Germany) are close; SUS420J2 (Japan).

50Х14МФ – stainless chromium steel, used for the manufacture of cutting tools (scalpels) in the medical and food industries. The maximum hardness of 57.50 HRC corresponds to a hardening temperature of about 1050 °C. Of the foreign analogues of this steel, steel X50CrMoV15 (Germany) is close. Composition: C: 0.48-0.55%; Cr: 14.0-15.0%; Mn: 0.45-0.80%; Mo: 0.45-0.80%; Si:0.20-0.50%; P 0.01-0.03%; S 0.01-0.025%; V: 0.10-0.15%.

65X13 - is not graded, but is widely used by industrial manufacturers for cutting tools, when used for wear: kitchen knives, saws, removable blades, etc.. A blade made of such steel can please the owner with a good combination of decent cutting ability and corrosion resistance (darkens without formation rust in active environments such as tomatoes, citrus fruits, blood). Material for the blade of a good kitchen, tourist or fishing knife. Easily sharpens even in field conditions “on a pebble”. Also, as in the case of steels 40Х13, EI-107, high-quality hardening can give steel 65Х13 sufficient hardness (56-59 HRC). The closest analogues of domestic 65X13 can be considered American steel grade 440A (USA); Х55CrMoV15 (Germany); AUS6 (Japan). Composition: C: 0.48-0.55%; Cr: 14.0-15.0%; Mn: 0.30-0.60%; Si:0.30-0.60%; S 0.01-0.03%.

95Х18 (9Х18 and Х18) enjoys the greatest respect among stainless steels, being quite capricious in hardening and processing. With proper heat treatment, it has high hardness, good flexibility and sufficient strength. A knife made of this material is not as easy to sharpen as a regular kitchen knife, but the blade will keep its edge well. With prolonged contact with moisture and, especially, with salt, corrosion can occur. With all this, it is one of the best steels in domestic production, with which both large manufacturers and respected private craftsmen work. Loses to carbon and tool steels in strength. The imported analogue is steel 440C (USA), AUS10 (Japan). Composition: C: 0.9-1.00%; Cr: 17.0-19.0%; Mn: ≤ 0.80%; Si: ≤ 0.80%; S: ≤ 0.025%; P: ≤ 0.03

Steel 9ХС is a tool steel that is used for the manufacture of drills, taps, cutters, machine dies, and stamps for cold work. 9ХС steel has increased wear resistance, bending strength, torsion strength, contact loading, as well as elastic properties. Decoding the steel grade 9ХС: the first number indicates that the steel contains 0.9% carbon, and the letters X and C indicate that this grade contains up to 1.5% chromium and silicon, so it becomes clear that this is alloy steel .

Having considered the most common knife steels, let’s summarize:

1) The optimal choice for a utility knife would be D2/X12MF steel. Not particularly fragile, long and pleasant to cut, widely available. The final choice will most likely depend on the thickness of the wallet. IMHO.

2) If, for the most part, you need to chop something with a knife or do all sorts of obscenities, such as hanging on it, then the U8A or 65G will be just right. True, you will have to take care of the knife, or etch it, then the surface of the blade will not be so actively corroded. But, in general, you can take any other steel, the main thing is to make the blade thickness 5-6 millimeters, then the knife will withstand a lot, simply because of its breakability.

3) For those who don’t want to bother with knife care, 420 or 65X13 is suitable.

4) If the knife is intended exclusively for cutting, then the best option would be ELMAX, VANADIS-10 or ZDP-189.

Thus, a knife made from any of the listed steels will be an excellent choice for a buyer who has decided for what purpose he needs a knife.