Drill diameter for inch threads with fine and coarse pitch (UNC UNF), Whitworth with coarse pitch (BSW), cylindrical pipe (G) Reference table

The main thread pitch is highlighted in color

To cut internal threads with a tap, you first need to drill a hole of a certain diameter. The table shows the most popular threads and drill diameters required for drilling holes for threads.

7.7.1. Conical pipe thread

Tapered pipe threads in accordance with GOST 6211-81 refer to fastening and sealing threads and are used for connecting pipes in high-pressure pipelines of fuel, oil, water and air systems of machines and machine tools, when increased tightness and reliability are required.

This thread is made on a cone, the generatrices of which make an angle with its axis

=1 O 4724 (taper 1:16). Its profile is similar to the profile of a cylindrical pipe thread (triangle with an apex angle of 55 O with rounded vertices).

In Fig. 7.25 shows the profile of the thread in question, and Fig. 7.26 threaded connection.

55

A characteristic feature of tapered threads is that the nominal values ​​of the outer d, inner d1 and middle d2 diameters are taken in the design section - the main plane located at a given distance from the base of the cone.

The position of the main plane of the external thread is determined by the length of the thread l 2 from the end of the pipe to this plane. As already noted (section 7.4.1), if necessary, the main plane of the thread on the rod is shown as a solid thin line. For holes (internal threads), the main plane coincides with the end of the coupling on the side of the larger diameter (Fig. 7.26).

In the drawings, the designation of a conical pipe thread contains the letter R for external threads and R Ñ for internal threads, after which the nominal (conditional) thread diameter in the main plane is indicated in inches, similar to the nominal diameter of a cylindrical pipe thread. This means that the outer and inner diameters of the conical thread in the main plane are equal to the outer and inner diameters of the cylindrical pipe thread according to GOST 6357-81 with the same designation. So from the designation R3/4 it follows that the thread is a conical external pipe thread, the outer diameter of which in the main plane is equal to the outer diameter of the cylindrical pipe thread G3/4

The designation of a conical pipe thread, as well as a cylindrical one, is applied on the shelf of a leader line, the arrow of which rests on the main line of the thread (Fig. 7.27). Working thread length

and the thread length from the end of the pipe to the main plane are standardized and are usually not indicated on the drawing.

The main parameters of conical pipe threads are given in table. 7.5.

25. Holes for cutting metric threads (according to GOST 19257-73)

Hole diameters for cutting metric threads according to GOST 9150-81, GOST 24705-81 with tolerances according to GOST 16093-81 in gray cast iron according to GOST 1412-85, in steel according to GOST 380-94, GOST 1050-88, GOST 4543-71, GOST 10702-78, GOST 5632-72 (except for nickel-based alloys), in aluminum casting alloys according to GOST 1583-93, in copper according to GOST 859-78.

Dimensions and maximum deviations of the diameters of holes of threads with a large pitch

Nominal thread diameter d

Threaded hole diameter with tolerance range

4Н5Н; 5H; 5Н6Н; 6H; 7N

GOST provides holes for threads with a large pitch

HOLES FOR METRIC THREADING (GOST 19257-73)

Hole diameters for cutting metric threads according to GOST 9150-81, GOST 24705-81 with tolerances according to GOST 16093-81 in gray cast iron according to GOST 1412-85, in steel according to GOST 380-2005, GOST 1050-2013, GOST 4543-71, GOST 10702-78, GOST 5632-72 (except for nickel-based alloys), in aluminum casting alloys according to GOST 1583-93, in copper according to GOST 859-78.

Dimensions and maximum deviations of the diameters of holes in threads with a large pitch, mm

Note: GOST provides holes for threads with a large pitch d = 1.0 - 2.2 mm.

Dimensions and maximum deviations of the diameters of fine-pitch thread holes, mm

Note: GOST provides holes for threads with d = 1.0 - 200 mm and for d of the 3rd row. GOST provides a method for determining the diameters of holes for cutting metric threads for materials of high viscosity.

HOLES FOR TAPPING INCH CONICAL THREAD WITH PROFILE ANGLE 60 o (GOST 6111-52)

The dimensions of the holes for threading apply to metals and alloys that do not have high viscosity.

HOLES FOR TAPPING CYLINDRICAL PIPE THREAD (GOST 21348-75)

Diameters of holes for cutting cylindrical pipe threads in accordance with GOST 6357-81 in products made of steel in accordance with GOST 380-2005, GOST 4543-71, GOST 1050-2013 and GOST 5632-72 (except for nickel-based alloys) and copper in accordance with GOST 859-78 .

Note: GOST 21348-75 allows the use of holes of other diameters, obtained on the basis of experimental data, for cutting cylindrical pipe threads.

HOLES FOR TAPERING PIPE THREAD (GOST 21350-75)

The holes are intended for cutting conical pipe threads in accordance with GOST 6211-81 in products made of steel in accordance with GOST 380-2005, GOST 4543-71, GOST 1050-2013, GOST 5632-72 (except for nickel-based alloys) and copper in accordance with GOST 859-78 .

Cylindrical connection

Parts of cylindrical structures are joined by twisting, which gives high strength of joints with ease of execution. If the need for winding (winding up oiled tow) can be considered a disadvantage, then this is the only drawback of such a connection. But, on the other hand, the presence of tow only strengthens the place of twisting and makes it more airtight.

But not only pipes are connected by twisting: it often happens that threaded connections are used on any parts that have a cylindrical shape and thin walls of the product. In cross-section, a pipe screw thread looks like an isosceles triangle with an upper angle of 550 (not to be confused with 600 in metric threads). The main characteristic of a cylindrical screw thread is the nominal nominal diameter dy, which characterizes the build quality of plumbing units, in contrast to the outer and inner diameters, which reflect compliance with standards.

The term “conditional diameter” should mean a value that determines the throughput of a pipe in liters per hour. The diameter itself in the drawings is displayed in inches, and each conventional diameter value must be accompanied by explanations for the values ​​of the outer and inner diameters.

Twisting is often used on threaded pipelines with diameters ≤ 6 inches. If the requirements differ from the original ones, then the products are connected by welding.

Cylindrical threading in the drawings is designated as pipe thread g 1 with explanations for the accuracy class and thread diameter.

To ensure uninterrupted operation of hot water supply and hot water supply, pipes made of cast iron or steel are often used, the body of which has a steel pipe thread cut into it. The threads are coated with a thin layer of steel due to the brittleness of cast iron, and this cutting strengthens the connection, making it much more durable and strong. It is acceptable to cut cylindrical threads on pipe structures and parts with a diameter in the range of 1/16-6 inches.

Hole diameter for metric thread: size table according to GOST

Despite the fact that cutting internal threads is not a complex technological operation, there are some features of preparation for this procedure. Thus, it is necessary to accurately determine the dimensions of the preparation hole for threading, and also select the right tool, for which special tables of drill diameters for threads are used. For each type of thread, it is necessary to use the appropriate tool and calculate the diameter of the preparation hole.

The thread diameter and through hole must comply with the standards, otherwise the grooves will come out too small and the threaded connection will be unreliable

Types and parameters of thread

The parameters by which threads are divided into different types are:

• units of diameter (metric, inch, etc.);
• number of thread starts (one-, two- or three-thread);
• the shape in which the profile elements are made (triangular, rectangular, round, trapezoidal);
• direction of rise of turns (right or left);
• location on the product (external or internal);
• surface shape (cylindrical or conical);
• purpose (fastening, fastening and sealing, chassis).

Metric thread parameters

Depending on the above parameters, the following types of thread are distinguished:

• cylindrical, which is designated by the letters MJ;
• metric and conical, designated M and MK respectively;
• pipe, designated by the letters G and R;
• with a round profile, named after Edison and marked with the letter E;
• trapezoidal, designated Tr;
• round, used for installation of sanitary fittings, – Kr;
• thrust and thrust reinforced, marked as S and S45, respectively;
• inch thread, which can also be cylindrical and conical - BSW, UTS, NPT;
• used to connect pipes installed in oil wells.

Thread types according to GOST

Basic information and areas of application

Most often, the threaded connection is made in the metric system. Thread sizes can be completely different. The coils are applied to the external or internal surfaces of any cylindrical element. This is the type of the most common fasteners:

1. Nuts.
2. Hairpins.
3. Bolts.
4. Screws and so on.

Products with a conical shape with a metric thread type are needed in cases where the connection requires high tightness. The angled profile eliminates the need for additional seals. This type has proven itself successfully during the installation of pipelines through which liquids and gases move. Pipe threads at low media pressures do an excellent job without gaskets. The conical type is also used when creating lids for various containers to seal the hole.

There is also a less common type of thread. It is called tape (rectangular). This type is used mainly in mechanical engineering.

The metric type of connections has a number of such parameters:

1. Diameter.
2. Thread pitch.
3. Thickness and location.
4. Height.
5. Direction of turns.

To understand what a thread pitch is, just look at a regular bolt (it doesn’t matter whether it’s a hex head or a standard one). This is the distance between individual turns

There are other parameters due to which metric connections are divided into types that have their own symbols of letters and numbers.

Threaded connections have gained immense popularity due to a large number of advantages, including:

1. Reliability and long service life.
2. Ability to adjust the compression ratio.
3. Simplicity of design.
4. Fixation in a twisted position.

One of the disadvantages is the uneven distribution of the rated load over the entire width and length of the turns. If you frequently disassemble and reassemble the structure, this accelerates the wear of the elements. To extend service life, it is advisable to chamfer each time to the depth of the damage, but this is not applicable in all cases. Also, parts with different pitches will not fit together.

Application of the tap

Before you start threading, you need to determine the diameter of the preparation hole and drill it. To facilitate this task, a corresponding GOST was developed, which contains tables that allow you to accurately determine the diameter of the threaded hole. This information makes it easy to select the drill size.

To cut metric threads on the inner walls of a hole made with a drill, a tap is used - a screw-shaped tool with cutting grooves, made in the form of a rod, which can have a cylindrical or conical shape. On its side surface there are special grooves located along its axis and dividing the working part into separate segments, which are called combs. The sharp edges of the combs are precisely the working surfaces of the tap.

Tap: design and parameters

In order for the turns of the internal thread to be clean and neat, and for its geometric parameters to correspond to the required values, it must be cut gradually, by gradually removing thin layers of metal from the surface being treated. That is why for this purpose they use either taps, the working part of which is divided along the length into sections with different geometric parameters, or sets of such tools. Single taps, the working part of which has the same geometric parameters along its entire length, are needed in cases where it is necessary to restore the parameters of an existing thread.

The minimum set with which you can sufficiently perform machining of threaded holes is a set consisting of two taps - rough and finishing. The first one cuts a thin layer of metal from the walls of the hole for cutting metric threads and forms a shallow groove on them, the second one not only deepens the formed groove, but also cleans it.

Types of thread taps and their differences

Minimum set of taps

Combination two-pass taps or sets consisting of two tools are used for tapping small diameter holes (up to 3 mm). To machine holes for larger metric threads, you must use a combination three-pass tool or a set of three taps.

To manipulate the tap, a special device is used - a wrench. The main parameter of such devices, which can have different designs, is the size of the mounting hole, which must exactly match the size of the tool shank.

Some types of tap drivers

When using a set of three taps that differ both in their design and geometric parameters, the sequence of their use must be strictly observed. They can be distinguished from each other both by special marks applied to the shanks and by design features.

1. The tap, with which the hole for cutting metric threads is processed first, has the smallest diameter among all the tools in the set and cutting teeth, the upper part of which is heavily cut off.
2. The second tap has a shorter fence and longer combs. Its working diameter is intermediate between the diameters of the other tools in the set.
3. The third tap, with which the hole for cutting metric threads is processed last, is characterized by full ridges of cutting teeth and a diameter that must exactly match the size of the thread being formed.

Set of three taps

Taps are used primarily for cutting metric threads. Much less often than metric ones, taps designed for processing the internal walls of pipes are used. In accordance with their purpose, they are called pipe, and they can be distinguished by the letter G present in their markings.

How to cut correctly

Threads can be applied to almost any metals and their alloys - steel, copper, aluminum, cast iron, bronze, brass, etc. It is not recommended to do it on hot iron - it is too hard, it will crumble during operation and it will not be possible to achieve high-quality turns, which means the connection will be unreliable.

Tool for the job

Preparation

You need to work on clean metal - remove rust, sand and other contaminants. Then the place where the thread will be applied must be lubricated (except for cast iron and bronze - they must be worked “dry”). There is a special emulsion for lubrication, but if it is not there, you can use soaked soap. You can also use other lubricants:

• linseed oil for steel and brass;
• turpentine for copper;
• kerosene - for aluminum.

You can often hear advice to use machine or mineral oil or even lard when cutting threads. They work well, but experts say that it is better not to do this - the chips will stick to the viscous substance, which will lead to rapid wear of the tap or die.

Slicing process

When cutting external threads, the die is placed strictly perpendicular to the surface of the pipe or rod. During operation, it should not wiggle, otherwise the turns will turn out uneven and the connection will be ugly and unreliable. The first turns are especially important. How they “lay down” determines whether the connection will then be skewed.

By applying the internal thread, the part is fixed motionless. If it is a small piece, you can clamp it in a vice. If the plate is large, ensure its immobility using available methods, for example, by fixing it with bars. M

The tap is inserted into the hole so that its axis is parallel to the axis of the hole. With little effort, little by little, they begin to twist in the given direction. As soon as you feel that the resistance has increased, unscrew the tap back and clear it of chips. After cleaning, the process continues.

Photo cutting process

When cutting a thread in a blind hole, its depth should be slightly greater than required - this excess should include the tip of the tap. If this is structurally impossible, the tip of the tap is cut off. At the same time, it is not suitable for further use, but there is no other way out.

In order for the turns to be of high quality, two taps or dies are used - rough and finishing. The first pass is done as a rough pass, the second as a finishing pass. There are also combined devices for applying threads. They allow you to do everything in one pass.

Another practical tip: to prevent chips from getting into the working area, when cutting, make one full turn clockwise, then half a turn counterclockwise. After this, return the tool to the place where you stopped and make one revolution again. Continue this way until the required length.

Internal thread cutting technology

As mentioned above, before starting work, you need to drill a hole, the diameter of which must exactly fit a thread of a certain size. It should be borne in mind: if the diameters of the holes intended for cutting metric threads are chosen incorrectly, this can lead not only to poor quality execution, but also to breakage of the tap.

Considering the fact that the tap, when forming threaded grooves, not only cuts the metal, but also pushes it, the diameter of the drill for making threads should be slightly smaller than its nominal diameter. For example, a drill for making M3 threads should have a diameter of 2.5 mm, for M4 - 3.3 mm, for M5 you should choose a drill with a diameter of 4.2 mm, for M6 threads - 5 mm, M8 - 6.7 mm, M10 - 8.5 mm, and for M12 - 10.2.

Table 1. Main diameters of holes for metric threads

Table 2. Diameters of holes for inch threads

All diameters of drills for GOST threads are given in special tables. Such tables indicate the diameters of drills for making threads with both standard and reduced pitches, but it should be borne in mind that holes of different diameters are drilled for these purposes. In addition, if threads are cut in products made of brittle metals (such as cast iron), the diameter of the thread drill obtained from the table must be reduced by one tenth of a millimeter.

You can familiarize yourself with the provisions of GOST regulating the cutting of metric threads by downloading the document in pdf format from the link below.

The diameters of drills for metric threads can be calculated independently. From the diameter of the thread that needs to be cut, it is necessary to subtract the value of its pitch. The thread pitch itself, the size of which is used when performing such calculations, can be found out from special correspondence tables. In order to determine what diameter the hole needs to be made using a drill if a three-start tap is used for threading, you must use the following formula:

To = Dm x 0.8, where:

Do is the diameter of the hole that must be made using a drill,

Dm is the diameter of the tap that will be used to process the drilled element.

Scheme of cutting internal threads with a tap

The drivers into which the threaded tap is inserted can have a simple design or be equipped with a ratchet. You should work with such devices with tools fixed in them very carefully. To obtain high-quality and clean threads, rotating the tap clockwise, performed half a turn, must be alternated with turning it one-fourth of a turn against the thread.

The thread will be cut much easier if you use a lubricant during this procedure. The role of such a lubricant when cutting threads in steel products can be played by drying oil, and when processing aluminum alloys - alcohol, turpentine or kerosene. If such technical fluids are not at hand, then ordinary machine oil can be used to lubricate the tap and the thread being cut (however, it has less effect than the substances listed above).

Features of thread cutting

Various equipment is used for thread cutting, for example:

• drill type machine;
• turning park;
• various cutting devices.

In this case, cutting can be done either mechanically or manually. For example, for internal use you can use special threaded taps, and for external use - dies. Taps, like drills, are selected depending on the diameter of the hole. They are divided into the following categories:

• inch;
• metric;
• pipe

Basically, sets of hand taps consist of three devices, two of which are needed for preliminary work, and the last one is a finishing tool, with the help of which the final shape of the thread is made and adjusted to certain dimensions. The taps have numbers. If the die holder is supplied with not three, but two devices, then the first is preliminary, and the second is finishing. Taps are made on the basis of high-alloy steel.

External threads are obtained by using a die. These tools can be round or prismatic in shape. For round dies, use a knob.

Threaded hole diameter: size table according to GOST and calculation

The strength of fastening the parts to each other is ensured by screwing the external thread carrier into the internal thread of the second product. It is important that their parameters are maintained in accordance with the standards, then such a connection will not be damaged during operation and will ensure the necessary tightness. Therefore, there are standards for the execution of carvings and its individual elements.

Before cutting, a hole is made inside the part for the thread, the diameter of which should not exceed its internal diameter. This is done using metal drills, the dimensions of which are given in the reference tables.

Hole parameters

The following thread parameters are distinguished:

• diameters (internal, external, etc.);
• profile shape, height and angle;
• step and entry;
• others.

The condition for connecting parts to each other is the complete coincidence of the external and internal threads. If any of them are not performed in accordance with the requirements, the fastening will be unreliable.

The fastening can be bolted or stud, which, in addition to the main parts, includes nuts and washers. Before joining, holes are formed in the parts to be fastened, and then cutting is carried out.

To perform it with maximum accuracy, you should first form a hole by drilling, equal to the size of the internal diameter, that is, formed by the tops of the protrusions.

When performing a through design, the diameter of the hole must be 5-10% larger than the size of the bolt or stud, then the following condition is met:

where d is the nominal diameter of the bolt or stud, mm.

To determine the hole size of the second part, the calculation is carried out as follows: the pitch value (P) is subtracted from the value of the nominal diameter (d) - the resulting result is the desired value:

The calculation results are clearly demonstrated by the table of threaded hole diameters, compiled according to GOST 19257-73, for sizes 1-1.8 mm with small and main pitches.

An important parameter is the drilling depth, which is calculated from the sum of the following indicators:

• screw-in depth;
• reserve of external thread of the screwed-in part;
• her undercut;
• chamfers.

In this case, the last 3 parameters are for reference, and the first is calculated through the coefficients for taking into account the material of the product, which are equal for products from:

• steel, brass, bronze, titanium – 1;
• gray and ductile cast iron – 1.25;
• light alloys – 2.

Types

Characteristics

Everyone knows what a thread looks like - it is a sequence of helical grooves that have a constant pitch and cross-section. It can be applied to a cylindrical or conical surface.

As for pipes, cutting can be used in products for a wide variety of purposes to ensure dismountable installation of the pipeline. Most often it is found in domestic water supply and heating systems.

Types of diameters

Its main characteristics are the following indicators:

• Location;
• Unit of measurement of dimensions;
• Direction;
• Profile of thread-forming surface;
• Number of visits.

It should be noted that threaded pipe connections are a fairly separate group of standards, which are regulated by GOST 6357-81.

Schematic designation of pipe threads in the drawing

Inch

Inch threads are used on metal pipes, as well as metal and plastic collapsible pipe fittings. According to GOST, its main characteristics are pitch and diameter.

Moreover, this parameter can be understood as:

• The outer diameter is the distance between the upper opposite points located at the tops of the ridges.
• Internal - the distance between the lower opposite points located on the depressions of the grooves.

The difference in these parameters determines the profile height.

Cylindrical inch cutting

The pitch, as you might guess, is the distance between adjacent turns. This parameter is always the same throughout the entire threaded section. All dimensions in this case are indicated in inches.

The table below shows the pipe thread dimensions in mm:

In everyday life, pipes with the following types of cutting are most often used:

• With a pitch of 14 threads per inch: 3/4″ diameter;
• 1/2″.

11 threads per inch:

• diameter 1 1 – 4;
• 1″;
• 2″;
• 1 1/2″.

In the photo - an adapter from metric to inch cutting

Metric

The main characteristics of metric cutting are the same as those of inch cutting - diameter and distance between turns. But, in this case, what is the difference between metric thread and pipe thread?

In fact, there are very few differences, the main ones being the following:

• Ridge profile shape. The inch profile has a sharper profile.
• Metric dimensions are indicated in millimeters. True, for convenience, you can convert the pipe thread to mm.
• The pitch in the inch version is calculated not in mm, but in threads - the number of grooves that fit on an inch measuring segment. For example, in standard water pipes there are two “pitch” options: 11 threads (2.31 mm);
• for 14 threads – (1.8 mm).

Otherwise, pipe and metric threads are no different.

Thread gauge

Types of carving

According to the measurement system, threads are divided into metric, expressed in millimeters, and inch, measured in corresponding units. Both of these types can be made in either cylindrical or conical shapes.

They can have profiles of various shapes: triangular, trapezoidal, round; divided according to application: for fasteners, plumbing elements, pipes and others.

The diameters of the preparation holes for threading depend on its type: metric, inch or pipe - this is standardized by the relevant documents.

Holes in pipe connections, expressed in inches, are specified in GOST 21348-75 for cylindrical shapes and GOST 21350-75 for conical shapes. The data is valid when using copper and nickel-free steel alloys. The cutting is carried out inside the auxiliary parts into which the pipes will be screwed - slates, clamps and others.

GOST 19257-73 shows the diameters of holes for cutting metric threads, where the tables show the size ranges of nominal diameters and pitches, as well as the parameters of holes for metric threads, taking into account the values ​​of maximum deviations.

Thread types according to GOST

The data given in the GOST 19257-73 table confirms the calculation given above, in which the parameters of holes for metric types are calculated from the nominal diameter and pitch.

GOST 6111-52 standardizes the diameters of holes for inch tapered threads. The document indicates two diameters with a taper and one without a taper, as well as drilling depths; all values, except the nominal value, are expressed in millimeters.

State standards

The production of such a complex metalworking element as a multi-start thread is carried out on the basis of established state and international standards. They complement each other and make it possible to harmonize the labeling systems that are used in the Russian Federation and by manufacturers in other countries. This is true for metric and inch measurement systems.

These standards include:

• Unified system of design documentation;
• GOST 24739-81. It contains standards describing the trapezoidal multi-entry structure.
• GOST 9484-81. This standard approves the possible profiles, what type and size the multi-start trapezoidal thread should be;
• GOST 25347-82. The standard establishes the permitted tolerances necessary for cutting and assembling finished structures.

Download GOST 9484-81

Download GOST 24739-81

Download GOST 25347-82

The listed standards make it possible to determine the outer and inner diameter, shape of the elements, pitch, stroke, number of passes, and the required drill diameter for preparing holes for future threads.

If you find an error, please select a piece of text and press Ctrl+Enter.

Adaptations

Manual or automatic cutting methods provide results in various classes of accuracy and roughness. Thus, the main tool remains a tap, which is a rod with cutting edges.

• manual, for metric (M1-M68), inch - ¼-2 ʺ, pipe - 1/8-2 ʺ;
• machine-manual - attachments for drilling and other machines, used for the same sizes as manual ones;
• nuts, which allow you to cut a through version for thin parts, with nominal sizes of 2-33 mm.
• For cutting metric threads, use a set of rods - taps:
• rough, having an elongated intake part, consisting of 6-8 turns, and marked with one mark at the base of the shank;
• medium - with a fence of average length of 3.5-5 turns, and markings in the form of two marks;
• the finishing part has a fence of only 2-3 turns, without marks.

Tolerance control of metric thread placement

When cutting manually, if the pitch exceeds 3 mm, then use 3 taps. If the product pitch is less than 3 mm, two are enough: roughing and finishing.

Taps used for small metric threads (M1-M6) have 3 grooves that carry chips and a reinforced shank. The design of the others has 4 grooves, and the shank is through.

The diameters of all three rods for metric threads increase from rough to finish. The last threaded rod must have a diameter equal to its nominal diameter.

The taps are attached to special devices - a tool holder (if it is small) or a crank. They are used to screw the cutting rod into the hole.

Preparing holes for cutting is carried out using drills, countersinks and lathes. It is formed by drilling, and by countersinking and boring it is increased in width and improves the quality of the surface. The fixtures are used for cylindrical and conical shapes.

A drill is a metal rod consisting of a cylindrical shank and a helical cutting edge. Their main geometric parameters include:

• the helical lift angle is usually 27°;
• point angle, which can be 118° or 135°.

Drills are rolled, dark blued, and shiny - ground.

Countersinks for cylindrical shapes are called counterbores. They are metal rods with two cutters twisted into a spiral and a fixed guide pin to insert the countersink into the cavity.

Cutting technique

Using a hand tap, cutting can be carried out following the following steps:

• drill an opening for a thread of the appropriate diameter and depth;
• countersink it;
• secure the tap in the holder or driver;
• align it perpendicular to the working cavity in which cutting will be carried out;
• screw the tap with light pressure clockwise into the hole prepared in advance for threading;
• Turn the tap back every half turn to cut off the chips.

To cool and lubricate surfaces during the cutting process, it is important to use lubricants: machine oil, drying oil, kerosene and the like. Incorrectly selected lubricant can lead to poor cutting results.

How to cut correctly

Threads can be applied to almost any metals and their alloys - steel, copper, aluminum, cast iron, bronze, brass, etc. It is not recommended to do it on hot iron - it is too hard, it will crumble during operation and it will not be possible to achieve high-quality turns, which means the connection will be unreliable.

Tool for the job

Preparation

You need to work on clean metal - remove rust, sand and other contaminants. Then the place where the thread will be applied must be lubricated (except for cast iron and bronze - they must be worked “dry”). There is a special emulsion for lubrication, but if it is not there, you can use soaked soap. You can also use other lubricants:

• linseed oil for steel and brass;
• turpentine for copper;
• kerosene - for aluminum.
  Metric thread parameters

You can often hear advice to use machine or mineral oil or even lard when cutting threads. They work well, but experts say that it is better not to do this - the chips will stick to the viscous substance, which will lead to rapid wear of the tap or die.

Slicing process

When cutting external threads, the die is placed strictly perpendicular to the surface of the pipe or rod. During operation, it should not wiggle, otherwise the turns will turn out uneven and the connection will be ugly and unreliable. The first turns are especially important. How they “lay down” determines whether the connection will then be skewed.

By applying the internal thread, the part is fixed motionless. If it is a small piece, you can clamp it in a vice. If the plate is large, ensure its immobility using available methods, for example, by fixing it with bars. M

The tap is inserted into the hole so that its axis is parallel to the axis of the hole. With little effort, little by little, they begin to twist in the given direction. As soon as you feel that the resistance has increased, unscrew the tap back and clear it of chips. After cleaning, the process continues.

Photo cutting process

When cutting a thread in a blind hole, its depth should be slightly greater than required - this excess should include the tip of the tap. If this is structurally impossible, the tip of the tap is cut off. At the same time, it is not suitable for further use, but there is no other way out.

In order for the turns to be of high quality, two taps or dies are used - rough and finishing. The first pass is done as a rough pass, the second as a finishing pass. There are also combined devices for applying threads. They allow you to do everything in one pass.

Another practical tip: to prevent chips from getting into the working area, when cutting, make one full turn clockwise, then half a turn counterclockwise. After this, return the tool to the place where you stopped and make one revolution again. Continue this way until the required length.

Selecting drill size

The diameter of the drill for a hole for a metric thread is also determined by formula (2), taking into account its main parameters.

It is worth noting that when cutting in ductile materials, such as steel or brass, the turns increase, so it is necessary to choose a larger drill diameter for the thread than for brittle materials, such as cast iron or bronze.

In practice, drill sizes are usually slightly smaller than the required hole. Thus, Table 2 shows the ratio of the nominal and outer thread diameters, the pitch, the diameters of the hole and the drill for cutting metric threads.

Table 2. The relationship between the main parameters of metric threads with normal pitch and the diameters of the hole and drill

Designation on the drawing

The image of a threaded connection in the drawing represents the procedure for the letter designation of the type of cutting of the product. In the figure, a rectangular type of cutting can be depicted in 2 ways: through a local section, where its main dimensional characteristics are indicated, and using an extension element - an additional drawing of a part of the product in an enlarged size. There are no precise designation standards for rectangular threads. Therefore, the drawing for its manufacture provides all the necessary information about the cutting dimensions.

According to GOST No. 2.311-68, when drawing up threaded drawings in production, the screw line is replaced by one 2 solid lines - the main and thin ones. In this case, the following rules apply for depicting the internal and external diameters:

1. For external threads, the outer diameter is indicated by solid main lines, the inner diameter is indicated by solid thin lines. The distance between the lines must be at least 0.008 cm. It may be greater than the step size.
2. A solid thin line is drawn to the length of the cut without running. The chamfer boundary intersects with it.
3. The inner diameter depicts an arc, the length of which is 0.75 of the circumference. It opens anywhere. In this case, the chamfer is not indicated in the drawing.
4. When cutting internally, the outer diameter is depicted as a solid thin line, the inner diameter as a solid main line. Invisible cutting areas are indicated by dotted lines. In this case, the line defining the cutting boundary is drawn on the rod before the start of the run.
5. A blind hole called a socket is formed near the edge of the thread during its manufacture. It is made in the shape of a cone. Its apex angle is 120°. Provided that the bottom of the blind hole is near the end of the thread, it is permissible to mark the thread to the end of the hole.