Flowing oil production method: features of the process

STATE STANDARD OF THE USSR UNION

MOUTHOW AND DISCHARGE FITTINGS

TYPICAL DIAGRAMS, BASIC PARAMETERS AND TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DESIGN

GOST 13846-89 (ST SEV 4354-83)

USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS

Moscow

STATE STANDARD OF THE USSR UNION

Valid from 01/01/90

until 01/01/95

This standard applies to wellhead Christmas tree and injection valves, consisting of a wellhead tree and piping, regardless of the area of ​​application in climatic region and operating environment.

This standard does not apply to wellhead equipment with parallel suspension of well pipelines; for production or injection of coolant, as well as installed on wells with an underwater mouth location.

CHECK VALVE

Check valves are designed for installation in the annulus line of Christmas tree equipment of oil and gas wells, to relieve excess pressure from the annulus into the working space.
Constant washing of the shut-off element with a liquid conductive medium with positive temperatures ensures reliable operation of the valves at negative ambient temperatures. The valve working bodies are made of stainless steel with increased hardness to prevent backflow of the medium and ensure durable operation. They are manufactured in two versions: ball and disc.

Check Valve Specifications

Execution options

Depending on the operating conditions, the AFK Christmas tree may have the following design options:

• 1, 2, 3, 4. 5 or 6 tree diagram, depends on the type of fluid being produced, the amount of chemical impurities and abrasive in it, wellhead pressure; 1 or 2 piping scheme, depending on the well flow rate;
• corrosion-resistant design K1, K2, K3, non-corrosive UHL, KhL, different steels and alloys are used for fittings, valve body parts;
• type of shut-off valves - gate valves for oil, ball or plug valves for gas;
• design of control valves - adjustable, non-adjustable throttle;
• control of shut-off and control valves - manually, through a mechanical gearbox, automatically, remotely using an electric, pneumatic, hydraulic, electromagnetic drive.

The design option is selected by the designer based on the characteristics of the formation and the region of operation.

What is important to know about fountain fittings?

Christmas tree fittings are a pipe structure whose connection device has a flange connection with various tees, connecting devices, etc. During the installation of the system, the flange connection is sealed with steel gaskets with a minimum carbon content.

Xmas tree assembly

Christmas tree fittings are designed to perform many functions. One of them is standard pipeline piping. This device allows you to control the flow of the medium in the well and carry out processes that control production.

Christmas tree fittings are widely used for sealing and installation of flow line outlets. In almost all typical types of work related to the laying of pipelines, it is necessary to use such a device.

Oil well structure

The oil well diagram includes many components:

1. Plastic bag.
2. Fountain fittings.
3. Pipeline for pumping out raw materials.
4. Conductor.
5. Cement.
6. Intermediate casing.
7. Casing string.
8. Pump and compressor column.

To extract the material, drilling is carried out to the required depth. Often the diameter of the well reaches 40 cm.

Casing pipes are used to prevent collapse. The gap between the casing and the wall is filled with cement mortar. Due to this, the underlying layers are separated. The products are not influenced by formation waters.

What does fountain fittings consist of?

What is a fountain fixture, its design and purpose? This is one whole, which, in turn, consists of a fountain tree, as well as a pipe-type head. The pipe head, in turn, is responsible for hanging the pipes and ensuring tightness between them and the production ridge.

The pipe head is also at that rather highly important level of work when it has to restrain and take on the pressure that arises between the pipes. This pressure can be prohibitive, which is quite dangerous for the life and health of people.

The fountain tree makes it possible to select well products, liquid and gas, which enters the manifold. This tree also ensures that

The entire process of Christmas tree fittings was controlled.

It is fixed to the pipe head. In addition, it carries the following tasks. First of all, it controls blood pressure. This also includes monitoring temperature fluctuations and conducting the necessary technological checks and various studies.

The well products are also monitored and diverted into the industrial pipeline.

Taking into account the high pressure, the Christmas tree fittings, the design and purpose of which are described above, as part of quite important industrial equipment, the fittings are tested for endurance under pressure, which is one and a half or a couple times higher than the pressure specified in the operational passport.

Main advantages of the method

The fountain mining method is used when new locations for the extraction of black gold are discovered. One of the reasons for this is the availability and effectiveness of this method. It does not imply the use of additional funds, energy resources, or certain equipment. After all, the material reaches the surface due to excessive pressure of raw materials in the deposit.

Other advantages:

1. Available equipment.
2. Minimum energy consumption.
3. The ability to regulate the production process and the ability to completely stop it.
4. The production process can be controlled remotely.
5. Long inter-technological period of equipment operation.

In order to extract raw materials, it is necessary to completely control the well with shut-off valves that need to be installed. This allows you to control the work schedule, carry out sealing, and, if necessary, conservation.

Design

The production of fittings, according to GOST 13846-84, involves the use of tee and cross type schemes.

• pipe head;
• fountain tree;
• manually operated locking devices;
• chokes.

The pipe head is used to hang several rows of tubing and seal them. In addition, the pipe head takes part in technological operations, which include: development, operation and repair of the well.

Other methods of extracting material

There are several other ways to obtain raw materials:

• gas lift;
• mechanized.

Each of them has certain pros and cons.

Gas lift method

This mining method is mechanized. It is relevant when there is not enough reservoir energy left to push oil to the surface. Then the lift is carried out by pumping compressed gas into the formation. You can pump in air or background gas from a nearby field.

To perform compression, it is necessary to use a high pressure compressor. Then the method will be called compressor.

If gas is supplied into the formation under pressure, the gas-lift method will be called non-compressor. The substance will come from a nearby deposit.

With this method, you do not need to start from scratch to carry out work in the field. It is necessary to supplement the equipment from the fountain installation. Certain compressed gas supply valves will be required. They are mounted at different depths.

The main advantages of gas lift compared to other mechanized mining methods:

1. It is possible to obtain large quantities of material from different depths at different stages of well development at an adequate cost.
2. It is realistic to continue working even if the hole is significantly distorted.
3. Work is carried out with gas-contaminated and overheated formations.
4. Full control of work.
5. The equipment is efficient and reliable.
6. You can use several layers at the same time.
7. Maintenance and repairs are straightforward.

With a large number of advantages, there are also disadvantages - the high cost of metal-intensive devices.

In this regard, gas lift is used to lift light oil with a large gas component.

Marking of fittings

To mark this type of product, alphanumeric abbreviations are used, which are designated as follows: AFKh or AFKH, where AF indicates the type of fittings, in this case the fittings are fountain, the letter “K” indicates the method of hanging the pipeline. The letter X (from 1 to 6) indicates the diagram in accordance with GOST 13846–84. In addition, the product labeling may indicate numerical parameters showing the working diameter and pressure, climatic version and some others, in particular, the corrosion resistance class.

Source

Rising pipe column

Using prepared equipment, raw materials are delivered to the surface of the earth. Columns are otherwise called pump-compressor columns.

Experts determine the diameter of pipes based on certain data:

1. Oil pressure.
2. Expected flow rate of raw materials (flow rate is the amount of extracted material per day, in cubic meters. The higher the expected flow rate, the larger the diameter)
3. Depth of material.

Typically the diameter is 40.3–00.3 mm.

Hydraulic testing technology

The well is manufactured to produce oil with the highest possible efficiency to ensure low cost of raw materials. Manifestations of gas, water, and oil are emergency conditions, not design operating conditions. Therefore, it is not possible to pressurize the blowout prevention equipment after its installation at the wellhead using conventional methods.

Therefore, for hydraulic testing of air defenses it is necessary to use special equipment - packers. Using these devices, the upper part of the wellbore is cut off and sealed. Then, an excess pressure is created inside this enclosed space, the magnitude of which is equal to the expected characteristics of the formation.

The industry produces packers of various designs:

The hydraulic version of the PG-YAG packer ensures a reduction in repair time when pressure testing the BOP at the wellhead by up to 6 hours.

Purpose and device

Christmas tree fittings - A set of fittings designed for equipping the mouth of oil and gas wells for the purpose of sealing them, monitoring and regulating the operating mode.

The fountain fittings, in turn, consist of a pipe head and a fountain tree.

The pipe head is used for tying one or two rows of flowing pipes, sealing the intertubular space between the production casing and flowing pipes, as well as for carrying out technological operations during the development, operation and repair of a well. Typically the pipe head is a cross with two side branches and a pipe hanger.

Lateral outlets make it possible to pump water and clay solution into the annulus when killing a well, as well as inhibitors of hydrate formation and corrosion, measure the casing pressure (with a pressure gauge), and also take gas from it. The pipe head is mounted directly on the column head.

The fountain tree is designed to control the flow of well production and regulate its parameters, as well as to install pressure gauges, thermometers and devices used for lowering and lifting downhole instruments. The tree consists of a vertical trunk and lateral outlets (strings). Two valves are installed on each branch: a working one and a reserve one (closest to the trunk). The main (main, central) and buffer valves are installed on the shaft. The outlets have “pockets” for thermometers and fittings for pressure gauges, as well as for flow control. The barrel ends with a buffer with a pressure gauge.

By design, fountain trees are divided into cross and tee. The trunk of the cross tree includes a cross, to which the outlets are attached (Figure 8). Each of them can be a worker. Then the second one is a backup. The design of the tee tree trunk includes tees to which flow lines are connected - the upper one, which is the working one, and the lower one, which is the backup one (Figure 9). This distribution of “roles” is due to the fact that tee fittings are usually used in wells whose production contains sand or silt.

To ensure long-term and uninterrupted operation of wells in the flowing mode of operation, regulation of reservoir energy by changing the volume of oil coming from the well and called well flow rate is of great importance. To limit the flow rate of wells, a replaceable fitting-insert made of wear-resistant material with a calibrated hole of a strictly defined diameter is installed in the side branch of the fountain tree (Figure 10). The diameter of the fitting determines the amount of oil coming from the well depending on the accepted operating mode of the well. Typically the diameter of the fitting is 3, 15 mm or more.

Quick-change fitting for high-pressure Christmas tree fittings (ShchBA-50-700) 1 - body, 2 - disc spring, 3 - side seat, 4 - cage, 5 - cover, 6 - pressure nut, 7 - gasket, 8 - side nut, 9-piece cermet bushing

Quickly replaceable and quickly adjustable downhole fittings can be used, which are installed in the fountain pipes at any depth and held by packers. The lowering and lifting of downhole fittings is carried out on a steel rope using a winch.

A manifold - a system of pipes and outlets with valves or taps - is used to connect the Xmas tree to the pipeline through which the well's production is supplied to a group metering unit (GMU). It provides for the presence of two almost identical piping (working and reserve), each of which has an adjustable fitting, valves for sampling liquid and gas, a shut-off device for discharging products to a flare or into an earthen pit and a safety valve.