Socket Set (55 Photos): A Guide to Ratcheting Bits and Sockets. Kit composition, markings and application

The socket head is a replaceable working accessory of a prefabricated assembly and plumbing tool for connecting/disconnecting threaded contacts by unscrewing/twisting nuts, bolts and other fixing devices with a certain type of head. In comparison with a wrench, the head is not considered an independent tool, but is a working attachment that is used in conjunction with ratchets, wrenches, extensions, various pneumatic tools, in general, with everything that is intended to ensure proper positioning of the head in the fixing product and creating the required working force .

Types of socket heads and their classification

Their design itself is quite simple and looks like a cylindrical part made of steel (or an alloy), in which one end is intended for operation, and the other for attachment to a fastening tool. On the side of the working part there is a recess of a certain shape, which is designed to ensure capture of the head of the fixing element. On the opposite side there is a socket (connecting square of the internal profile), in which the corresponding external element of the tool (adapter, wrench, etc.) is fixed. There are also heads with a special design, the types of which will be discussed below.

The devices under consideration may vary in size and type of working profile, the size of the profile for the connection, the recess in the working part, the ability to be used together with special tools (for example, impact wrenches), as well as the scope of application.

Typically, they can be run with multiple work profiles:

• Hexagonal profile - is a classic head that can only be used with fixing devices with six edges. Such a profile is capable of providing a reliable grip of the fastener (since it has a larger contact area), as well as fully and carefully transferring the working force to it. However, the placement and use of such a head in limited space will be difficult due to the fact that in order to rearrange the knob (or other device), it will be necessary to rotate the tool at least 60 degrees. Here you can additionally connect a ratchet or simply use a twelve-sided device.
• The twelve-sided profile is an improved model and has 12 edges. It can be used with twelve-sided and hexagonal heads. Excellent for working in tight spaces, which is ensured by a small rotation angle for repositioning the wrench - only 30 degrees. However, it is worth noting that the 12-edge head does not provide reliable fixation with the head of the fixing device, which increases the risk of deformation up to the complete smoothing of the fastener edges. This property will decrease with increasing profile size and does not occur when it reaches 20 millimeters.
• TORX profile is a specialized European standard profile that has 6 special beams and can only be used for screws and bolts using a similar shape.
• SL profile - this hexagonal profile is characterized by versatility and is slightly similar to the previous version. However, heads of this shape are suitable for working with fasteners made in both the inch and metric systems. At the same time, they can work with bolts and nuts whose edges or edges are smoothed or deformed. Despite their versatility, SL heads should be carefully selected in terms of dimensions, otherwise there is a high risk of deformation of the fastening tool.
• 12-sided universal profiles (SuperTech and Spline) - they can have straight or rounded edges, which alternate with each other and are arranged in a special order. They can be used with hex or twelve-point fastening tools made in metric or inch standards. In addition, some samples allow the use of both three- and four-sided locks, as well as TORX standard models. Due to their versatility, they are not in every case capable of ensuring tight contact with the fastening head and require the selection of dimensions with maximum accuracy.

Regardless of the profile type, the devices in question are divided into two groups according to the working part:

1. Classic - with a depth of 25 to 38 millimeters;
2. Elongated (i.e. with a greater height) - with a depth of 50 millimeters or more.

Classification by design and application

Among other things, socket heads are also divided according to their design features and type of application:

• Standard - are elongated or more conventional devices that can be used with any type of fasteners: wrenches, ratchets, pneumatic tools. Standard ones, in turn, are divided into impact wrenches (work with electric or pneumatic impact wrenches) and conventional ones (designed for installation in hand-operated tools). These samples have a classic square shape for a profile connection, and the surface is coated with a chrome composition. Impact samples on top (in the part of the connecting element) have a through hole for a pin, through which this equipment is properly secured to the tool spindle. To ensure reliable identification, the impact models are coated in black.
• With a cardan joint - these models have a joint that is responsible for transmitting torque from the rotary tool at an angle. It is also an excellent solution when working in confined spaces.
• Spark plugs - these specialized samples have an increased length (at least 65 millimeters) and their working profile is marked 12,16 and 21, which is ideal for dismantling spark plugs in a car. Typically, their connection size is 0.5 or 3/8 inch. They can be equipped with a magnet or a rubber insert, which ensures easy removal of spark plugs from the well.
• “Crow's Paw” is another representative of a specialized group with an open profile. At their core, they are open-end wrenches with a standard square, hexagonal or twelve-sided special profile and can be used with wrenches or ratchets for these sizes.
• Cut-out heads – there is a special cut-out at the end of these models, which makes it possible to carry out operations with parts that have wires, contracts, and various tubes located in the upper part.
• Go-through heads are a special type of heads for operations with nuts on studs and others with similar fasteners. They additionally have an external connecting profile for special models of ratchets, wrenches or wrenches.
• With a drop-down ring - a special device in which the working part is located in a drop-down ring. Ideal for operations in confined spaces, as well as in other cases where a standard head cannot be used.

IMPORTANT! The above section describes only the most common types of heads, but in reality there are many more. However, we are talking about extremely specialized models used in precision machine production or in laboratory conditions, which is why they are not found in the practical life of a master.

Main components

The configuration of a set of heads, as already mentioned, can be very different. The choice of suitcase based on its contents depends only on personal preferences and what it will be used for.

1. Hexagon. A more popular, modern, frequently used device. There is resistance to rounding of edges during constant use.
2. Dodecahedron. An improved hexagon model with 12 edges. The product is compatible with hex clamps. Less in demand, there is a risk of failure when used.
3. Key type SL. Designed to remove heads with ground edges. In appearance, it is similar to a hexagon, however, it can grip the fastener more tightly, without the possibility of failure during unscrewing.
4. Universal key.
5. Extension key. Allows you to increase the height of the heads by 4-5 cm. It is often used to unscrew bolts embedded in the structure of the fastening element.

Using mechanical tools in conjunction with socket heads

Existing impact wrenches today are most often equipped with a switch for the direction of shaft rotation and a torque regulator. Thus, using the pressure settings at the head entry it is possible to control the tightening torque. In most models of pneumatic tools, the air pressure is set at 6.3 atmospheres with an air flow rate of 500 to 1200 liters per minute. However, when calculating air flow, measurements should be carried out differently, taking into account the following indicators:

1. An indicator of the amount of air volume that passes through a pneumatic tool in one minute when the start is pressed;
2. Indicator of the number of technical pauses (to avoid overheating).

Also, when preparing a pneumatic tool for work, it is worth deciding on the required dimensions of the spindle hole and the thread for the connection. The latter is measured either in metric or inch systems. Different sizes of the spindle square can create some difficulties with the proper selection of socket heads, this situation is especially typical for Russian devices. This problem rarely arises with foreign pneumatic tools, because their devices, for the most part, are clearly unified and standardized to the available sizes.

Separately, it is worth mentioning the impact socket samples for impact wrenches - they can be elongated and have a standard size. Their distinctive feature is the presence of recesses on the inner edges, which allows the applied working force to be evenly distributed. The number of faces varies from four to twelve. In addition, impact models are made of high-strength materials - either chrome vanadium or chrome molybdenum. The first one is somewhat less durable.

Based on the number of faces, heads are divided into 6 and 12 facets

The hex head profile is a classic choice as it follows the profile of the nut and bolt. And it is applied closer to the center of the edges and increases the strength of the fastener. Such a head is considered good and durable.

Heads with a twelve-sided profile are suitable for use in hard-to-reach places, when working with threaded connections. The profile is uniform, without sharp transitions from thick to thin edges. They are used in work, like the hexagonal one. However, it is worth considering that the 12-sided format can smooth out the edges of fastener heads and deform over time.

Connecting square (socket)

This is the name given to the size of the square hole on the back of the head. It is with the help of this part that the socket head is installed in wrenches, ratchets, extensions, or in pneumatic and electric tools. In total, there are five types of standard landing square sizes, which are marked in the inch system. Regardless of which system is used on the head or fastening tool, all sizes are graduated as follows:

1. 25.4 millimeters = 1 inch;
2. 19.05, millimeters = ¾ inches;
3. 12.7 millimeters = ½ inch;
4. 9.53 millimeters = 3/8 inch;
5. 6.35 millimeters = ¼ inch.

Review of budget sets costing from 40 rubles

STAYER 27758-H10

A high-quality, inexpensive tool that is perfect for performing tasks of any complexity in small workshops and garages. Perfect for everyday household use and repair work on machinery and equipment. Tool steel was used in its manufacture. Thanks to the presence of chrome plating, all equipment is reliably protected from corrosion. For more convenient storage and transportation, the tools are equipped with a special plastic rail.

The set consists of 10 items with the following diameters - 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 mm (measurement system is metric). The fit used is ¼ inch (internal hex). The country of origin of the brand is Germany.

STAYER 27758-H10

Advantages:

• Price (average cost – 329 rubles);
• Quality (all elements are made of tool steel);
• Compactness;
• Availability of a special rail for transportation.

Flaws:

• Holder missing;
• Suitable for simple tasks.

MATRIX 13559

It is one of the best, according to customers, tool kits for carrying out simple repair work on a variety of equipment and household appliances. Consists of 10 pieces of different sizes (the measurement system used is metric). The shape of the tip with which the elements are equipped is hexagonal. The square fit is ¼ inch.

The set consists of items of the following sizes - 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 mm. Each element is made of chrome-vanadium steel and covered with a chrome-nickel coating. For more convenient storage and transportation, the products are equipped with a special die - holder made of metal. Country of origin: China.

MATRIX 13559

Advantages:

• Presence of anti-corrosion coating;
• Reasonable price (378 rubles);
• Convenient to transport and store;
• Withstands increased loads well;
• The holder has a bright red color, making it easy to find in the workshop.

Flaws:

• Does not come with a knob (this item will have to be purchased separately).

NIH 13440

According to most buyers, it is one of the best, inexpensive, budget options for domestically produced hand tools. Consists of 8 pieces with a hexagonal tip shape. The dimensions of the elements are 10,11,12,13,14,17,19 mm (the measurement system used is metric). Carbon steel was used in the manufacture of all elements. The delivery includes a case made of durable plastic and a sliding knob. The square fit is ½ inch.

NIH 13440

Advantages:

• Low price (average cost 422 rubles);
• Product quality;
• Withstands heavy loads;
• The presence of a knob as standard;
• Availability of a case.

Flaws:

• Flimsy case (according to most buyers, the plastic latch quickly breaks down);
• There is no finishing of elements;
• Heavy weight.

Airline AT – 12 – 24

High-quality, inexpensive socket heads made in China. Perfect for performing plumbing work of any complexity, home use. This tool can also be used when performing repairs and a variety of installation work. Chrome-vanadium steel was used in the manufacture of equipment. All elements are chrome plated and partially polished. The hardness level of the tools is 45-48 HRC.

The supply consists of 12 products, the sizes of which are 4,4.5,5,5.5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 mm. (the minimum size is 4 mm, the maximum is 13 mm). Product fit is ¼ inch. The weight of the entire inventory is 230 grams. Additionally, it is equipped with a plastic die, which is used as a holder.

Airline AT – 12 – 24

Advantages:

• Price (455 rubles);
• Equipment (the presence of a large number of elements of different and even “non-standard” sizes);
• Small dimensions;
• Comes with holder;
• Acceptable steel quality.

Flaws:

• There is no knob;
• Does not withstand heavy, heavy loads (best used for simple tasks).

TUNDRA 881854

This inexpensive 40-piece socket set is an excellent alternative to conventional, bulky wrenches. It can be actively used in a variety of enterprises, for example, in car services or service stations, workshops, and in everyday life. It is an excellent option for individual use for persons who own vehicles.

This universal set can be actively used to perform a variety of installation and dismantling work on various threaded connections. All tools are made of high-quality tool steel of increased strength, the hardness of which complies with the standard 45 HRC. Additionally, it comes with a case for storage and transportation, a ratchet (1/4 inch), and an extension cord (3/8 inch). The number of heads in the case is 35 pieces. The tips are hexagonal. The fit is ¼ as well as 3/8 inch. Country of origin: China.

TUNDRA 881854

Advantages:

• Affordable price (from 636 rubles);
• Large equipment;
• Availability of ratchet and holder;
• Good quality steel.

Flaws:

• Some users complain about the poor quality of the ratchet (when performing complex tasks where a lot of force is required to dismantle connections, it is best to use a wrench).

Markings used

Various abbreviations and abbreviations are used by manufacturers to specify the properties of a particular sample of plumbing tools. Thus, by looking at a set of numbers and letters, it is possible to quickly select the desired model, according to its technical characteristics. In particular, the following parameters are indicated for socket heads:

• Model size;
• Option for landing square (socket);
• Profile data;
• Required planting depth;
• Alloy type used;
• Manufacturer's name.

It is worth paying close attention to the fact that the model size will be indicated for the country for which the instrument is manufactured, i.e. in the inch or metric system. At the same time, even if there is a table for converting sizes from one system to another, they will never completely coincide. Thus, for heads made in the inch system, it is preferable to use tools that are also prepared for working elements with the inch system. Accordingly, a similar rule will apply to metric instruments.

Additional head set options

In order for a set of heads to truly justify the investment, in addition to the above criteria, pay attention to:

• Brand;
• Price;
• Workmanship;
• Consumer reviews;
• Expert assessments;
• Recommendations for use;
• Specifications;
• Operational properties.

Advantages of using sockets

These qualities of the devices under consideration may include:

• Savings - the presence of sets with heads will allow you to quickly and efficiently unscrew/screw any nut, and you will not need to own many different types of screwdrivers;
• Versatility - the set with heads can be used in different areas - from repairing household appliances to professional car maintenance;
• Efficiency - thanks to a set of heads of various types, you don’t have to search for the right tool for a long time or contact a specialist - most of the work can be done independently;
• Ease of storage and transportation - as a rule, any set described is supplied in a convenient case, in which it is comfortable to carry and store repair products. In it, usually, all elements are sorted by size and have an appropriate gradation, so finding the right model is not difficult.

Special heads

They are special tools for working with individual components or assemblies of cars. They are presented in multiple versions and are used exclusively for certain jobs with a specific model or brand of machine. Such as repairing generators, unscrewing wheel bearings, replacing shock absorbers, replacing chains or timing belts, etc. They are mainly used at car service stations, less often - by car enthusiasts with experience in locksmith work.

Among the special ones, perhaps, it is worth highlighting the heads for dismantling/installing oxygen sensors (lamda probe), which are also applicable for injectors and oil pressure sensors. This is perhaps the most popular special tool among socket heads due to their versatility. A small set suitable for work on almost all modern cars. Used with hand tools and mainly at service stations or by people with experience in car repairs. In addition to sets, they are also sold individually.

Difficulty of choice

As a rule, the devices in question are rarely purchased in a single copy - it is much easier to buy the right set right away and not have to worry about finding the right products in the future. If you need to make the right choice, then first of all you need to pay attention to the following points:

1. The set's contents and the breadth of its use - for single household work, an inexpensive set is suitable, where the head fixtures are present in their most common and classic variations, and are made to fit the traditional dimensions of the landing square. In addition to the main elements, the set may include a ratchet wrench, various extensions and wrenches, as well as a hinged pencil. These are more complex sets, they are supplied in rather large cases and are used for more complex work;
2. Separately, it is worth paying attention to the material from which the purchased devices are made. Their service life will fully depend on the quality of the material. The most durable end models are made of chrome vanadium steel. In addition to excellent strength properties, they do not have much mass, which is very convenient for working manually and “in weight”. Also, samples with a galvanized coating are in great demand, which is a good guarantee against the occurrence of traces of corrosion. Still, even inexpensive models made of soft metals are capable of coping with the tasks quite well, however, their service life will not be very long;
3. Size is more important for highly specialized craftsmen who constantly deal with the repair of household appliances from various manufacturers, where different types of nuts, screws and other fasteners are used. For this type of work, the presence of an expanded range of models in the set will greatly simplify assembly/disassembly operations.

Impact sockets

Designed to work with pneumatic or power tools. They differ from the above types of heads in the material used in production. The simple heads are made of chrome vanadium alloy. Impact heads are made of chrome-molybdenum alloy. The result of the use of molybdenum in production is the elasticity and resilience of the head. This allows it to be used with pneumatic tools. The operating principle of the percussion instrument is based on many short but rather strong shocks. When exposed to such shocks, an ordinary head can fly into several small fragments and cause injury. Chrome-molybdenum feels better under such conditions and, thanks to its elasticity and elasticity, can withstand the loads of impact tools. Under extreme loads, such heads do not fly apart, but simply crack “at the seam,” which eliminates the possibility of injury. At the base of the head there is a hole for a fixing cotter pin for fixing it on the impact shaft and a groove for an elastic band for fixing the cotter pin. The most common square fit is 1/2, which also includes 3/4 inch or 1 inch. Basically, all heads of this type have a hexagonal profile; occasionally, twelve-sided impact sockets are found, but they are already used as a special tool.

Among drums, there are heads for cast discs . They have a smaller diameter and are placed in a protective plastic case. They come in different colors to differentiate their size. When a nut or bolt of a wheel rim is unscrewed with an impact tool, such a head rotates inside the plastic cover, which, in turn, remains motionless relative to the rim, which prevents the possibility of scratching it. Special thin-walled, super-strong impact sockets have been developed for narrow wheel openings. Their diameter is even smaller, but due to the strong forged ring mounted on them, they can withstand heavy loads, and if the head bursts, the ring prevents it from opening inside the disc and scratching it. The protective cover can be removed and then the diameter of the head will become even smaller.

Set of heads for rounded (licked) fasteners

The kits are made from hard, low-alloy steel for removing threaded fasteners using hand tools. Used for disassembling vehicle components with different fastener profiles. Used when dismantling “soured” or “licked” fasteners that cannot be unscrewed using a conventional tool. Due to the low-alloy steel alloy, a greater moment of force is applied when the fastener breaks. Due to the increased contact patch, the rounded profile of the head allows you to tear off even heavily damaged fasteners. They work only for unscrewing and are used to work with fasteners twisted clockwise. Not intended for use with percussion instruments. Rarely found individually.

Set of deep heads for rounded (licked) fasteners, sockets

Designed for unscrewing licked wheel bolts or torn locks. Unlike previous heads, they have a special design - 6 special, high-strength edges and the ability to use both hand and impact tools. They work only for unscrewing and are used to work with fasteners twisted clockwise.

A short review of manufacturers

To be honest, it is almost impossible to identify a clear leader in this matter. Different groups of potential buyers have their own criteria - for some, quality is important and price is of little importance, for others low cost and not so high quality are important, because the expected volume of work is not very large-scale. However, we can confidently identify the majority of foreign brands:

• "Jonesway";
• "Gross";
• "Sparatus";
• "Matrix";
• "Force"
• "Myol."

The products of these companies are distinguished by relatively high quality at a fairly reasonable price.

Air-cooled engine head [ edit | edit code]

Regardless of other features, it has developed fins instead of a cooling jacket. The most common material in this case is silumin, since its thermal conductivity is higher (engines of chainsaws, cultivators, low-power power plants, vehicles, D-37/D-144), however, cast iron is also found on stationary and tractor engines (where weight does not affect technical indicators). The main indicator of fins is the ratio of the height of the fins to their width at the base; with its growth, cooling improves.

Instead of an epilogue

Based on the analysis of the market for the products in question, it was established that the budget segment is completely occupied by the Russian manufacturer. Despite the fact that prices in this segment are much more than adequate, products from it cannot boast of special quality. This circumstance is due to the fact that they most often use a chromium-molybdenum base, which is not particularly durable. As for the middle segment, it belongs to an Asian manufacturer and is able to show the proper level of price-quality ratio. The most unclaimed is the premium class, in which most of the models presented are considered too highly specialized and extremely overpriced.

Material of the cylinder head, its fastening to the block [edit | edit code]

Lightweight automobile engines may have an aluminum alloy head, especially spark engines. Typically, such a part is produced by casting in a chill mold, or under pressure (with subsequent processing of the channels); rod molds can be used.

Heavy engines, and a significant part of automobile diesel engines, have a cast iron head, also produced by casting. Valve seats (if any) are pressed in with their preliminary cooling in liquid nitrogen vapor; swirl chambers and valve bushings are also installed with interference. The head usually has passages for gases, coolant, oil channels, and a large number of through holes for bolts/studs that attract the head to the block.

The head is secured to the block using power bolts or studs with nuts and washers (in the case of bolts, they also have washers). Both individual and common for a number of cylinders, the heads are mounted with tightening according to the method specified by the factory [1] (sequence, tightening force, additional turns at an angle). This is necessary to ensure the tightness of the gas joint and the safety of the bolts. The elasticity of the fastener must be sufficient to maintain tightness when the gas joint gasket settles. But exceeding the thickness of the metal-asbestos (paronite) gasket or its sagging (poor quality, overheating of the motor) can cause the gas joint of the head to break through, that is, engine failure. To increase the rigidity of the gasket, and thereby guarantee clamping, on modern diesel engines, cast iron heads are mounted with soft iron gaskets.

For diesel engines, the thickness of the gasket in many engines is selected in accordance with the protrusion of the pistons. If the thickness is less than required, the engine may begin to knock, if more, the power will decrease to the smoke limit (since the volume fraction of air in the swirl chamber/chamber in the piston will be less, and the parasitic volume will be greater). Therefore, installing the block head is a responsible operation.

Maintenance and diagnostics

As you know, all vehicle mechanisms will sooner or later need diagnostics and maintenance. In this case, the cylinder head is no exception. The primary task of any motorist in this matter is to periodically diagnose those head components that need it most. In particular, those that are subject to the greatest loads.

• valve performance;
• checking the functionality of valve seals;
• timing pulley seals;
• and, of course, the cylinder head gasket itself.

A broken cylinder head gasket can cause oil to appear in the coolant. And vice versa - antifreeze gets into the oil system. As a result of oil entering the cooling system, the antifreeze will bubble (but not boil), which will lead to the engine shaking and, over time, the inability to start it. In this case, the refrigerant will come out of the expansion tank, and the engine temperature sensor on the dashboard will indicate boiling of the engine. In turn, the ingress of refrigerant will cause the spark plugs to flood, which can be guessed by unscrewing the spark plug and assessing its condition.

In general, many factors influence the failure of head elements and their correct operation, but most of them relate to timely diagnosis and repair. Even such a small thing as tightening the cylinder head pins (wrong tightening torque or not following the order) can cause deformation of the head, which can lead to engine failure.

Head of the lower valve engine [ edit | edit code]

It is characterized by maximum simplicity - it only has passages for coolant, drilling for studs, and threads for spark plugs. Always group, for a number of cylinders. Nowadays it is rarely used due to the low efficiency of such engines. Example engines: ZIL-157, GAZ-A, GAZ-51.

In this case, all valves with their actuators are mounted in a block.

The heads of two-stroke engines with crank-chamber loop or deflector blowing have the same device. The advantages are also ease of disassembly and maintenance, minimal cost. There are also no valves in the head.

Concept of cylinder head

First, let's look at the decoding. The cylinder head is the cylinder head, which is the main component of any vehicle. Its purpose is to control the combustion process of the fuel mixture occurring in the engine and remove exhaust gases. In fact, the cylinder head is specifically a cover that directly covers the cylinder block.

Diagram of all cylinder head components

The cylinder head can be made of aluminum alloy or alloy cast iron. When the cylinder head casting process is completed, it undergoes an artificial aging procedure, this is done in order to relieve the component of residual stress. If the engine is single-row, then one cylinder head will be installed on it. If it is W-shaped, then a separate cylinder head will be installed on each individual row of cylinders.

It is very important that the block head is securely sealed directly to the block. It is for this purpose that the lower part of the element is made slightly wider than the upper. The cylinder head gasket is used to seal the two parts of the block.

Installation and fixation of the cylinder head occurs using guide pins designed to secure the head. The installation itself is a particularly important procedure, which is carried out in accordance with the regulations specified for each individual car. This regulation is individual, so installing the head on a Zhiguli and using the instructions from a foreign car is highly not recommended. As for the pins themselves, they must be installed and tightened in a certain sequence, and the tightening torque must be observed. A special torque wrench is used for this purpose.

Remember that when tightening screws, you must be guided by technology and not use brute force, as this can lead to irreversible consequences.

This may cause the cylinder head to become deformed. There are many different elements installed inside the head, which are hidden by the lid, but we will talk about them later. The performance of this element determines the functioning of the car engine as a whole; this needs to be known and understood.

What task does the cylinder head perform?

Without unnecessary pathos and exaggeration, we can say that the main one. This can be judged by the mechanisms and engine parts that the cylinder head houses.

• The combustion chamber.
• Place for timing belt (gas distribution mechanism).
• Cooling jacket.
• Places for injectors or spark plugs.
• Lubrication channels.
• Inlet and exhaust valves.

The engine cylinder head is made of aluminum alloy and is attached to the cylinder block with special bolts. There are certain requirements for loosening and tightening the cylinder head bolts, since the tightness of the connection between the cylinder head and the block depends on the correct adherence to the technology.

Taking into account the fact that cylinder head repair is often carried out in a garage with your own hands, you need to know that weak tightening of the cylinder head mounting bolts leads to gasket breakdown, which is fraught not only with the loss of oil and coolant, but also leads to a decrease in compression in the engine cylinders.

And too much force when tightening the cylinder head can cause deformation of the head housing, and then the plane of the cylinder head will have to be restored.

The main requirements for tightening cylinder head bolts are compliance with the tightening pattern, technology and bolt tightening torque. As a rule, each type of engine has its own tightening parameters, which must be strictly adhered to.

The camshaft chain drive and chain tensioner are located in a special cavity in the front part of the cylinder head.

For spark plugs, threaded connections are made in the required quantity. On the right side of the cylinder head there are threaded holes for the manifold mounting studs: exhaust and intake.

For parts such as camshaft bearing housings, arm support bushings, valve spring support washers and valve guides, the cylinder head has holes and pads on top.

A metal-asbestos gasket is installed at the junction of the cylinder block and the engine cylinder head.

For single-row engines, one common cylinder head is provided, for multi-row cylinder heads according to the number of rows.

The top of the cylinder head is covered by a cylinder head cover equipped with a rubber gasket.

Gallery [ edit | edit code ]

Cylinder head with two camshafts and hydraulic compensators

The engine of any vehicle is a rather complex technical unit consisting of many mechanisms. And each of them performs its own function aimed at ensuring the movement of the car. We invite you to find out what a cylinder head is, why it is needed and what elements it consists of.