Types of scaffolding: sizes and types of structures

Scaffolding is the equipment necessary for the safe and convenient carrying out of repair and construction work at height. The main requirements that it must meet: strength, stability, reliability. All these conditions are satisfied by structures made of metal pipes - aluminum or steel. The production of scaffolding is regulated by GOST 24258-88, and storage rules are regulated by GOST 15150-69. There are the following types of scaffolding: frame, wedge, clamp, pin, Vishnev scaffolding.

Scaffolding: a reliable assistant for repair work

During construction or renovation, it is often necessary to perform work at heights. It will be inconvenient to do them using an extension ladder. For these purposes, you can assemble scaffolding with your own hands. There are different types of scaffolding , which are selected based on the nature and complexity of the work. What is the best type of product to choose, how to assemble it or make it yourself, you can read in this article.

Scaffolding is a necessary element when performing repair work at height.

Options for assembling homemade structures

Towers on four supports - to increase the surface, they are connected together. The base is a frame made of boards or beams. This method allows you to create multi-tiered structures and ordinary two-meter pedestals. It is often used when you need to reach the roof or the third floor.

A wall is sometimes used as supports located on the inside of the frame. Nails do not leave noticeable marks on unpainted or unfinished surfaces. Any cladding after such an intervention will have to be changed or repaired.

A-frame trestles consist of two homemade stepladders, on which flooring is laid on top. Suitable only for low-rise buildings and are mainly used for finishing. The design is simple and unreliable. It is advisable to nail down the horizontal platform with nails - otherwise it will have to be constantly adjusted. It is quite narrow and designed for only one person. There are no railings or steps. They climb up using a stepladder or ladder.

To assemble such wooden scaffolding with your own hands, drawings are not needed, but quality control of lumber is still necessary.

Extension scaffolds - they are also called Armenian. Instead of a four-legged frame, diagonal holders are used here. The bottom rests on the ground, the top rests on a corner fixed to the wall of the building. Boards perpendicular to them are nailed to the holders. One side of them is attached to the wall, the other serves as a base for the work surface.

Shelves that differ from Armenian rafters in the method of fastening. They do not have a central diagonal holder.

The load is carried by a system of perpendicular beams. The vertical row is nailed from below to the wall, the horizontal row is located on top at a right angle to it. The horizontal board, together with the flooring, is held in place by boards that form an acute angle with it. The shelves are designed for light loads. After them, noticeable marks from wide nails, anchors or self-tapping screws will remain on the surface. Without a diagonal holder, the thickness and number of fasteners will have to be increased.

Types of scaffolding: design and product requirements

Scaffolding is widely used in repairs and construction. This is an indispensable attribute when performing interior and exterior finishing work at a certain height. The size and design of the scaffolding depends on the nature and complexity of the installation. The main purpose of this building element is to create comfortable and safe conditions when performing work. This increases work efficiency and saves time and effort.

Regardless of the type of structure, scaffolding must be made of durable materials.

Regardless of the type of structure, scaffolding must be reliable and durable, taking into account the location of people, materials and tools on it.
The product should be placed on a prepared, solid and level area. The structure should be located at a distance of no more than 150 mm from the wall for external work and not exceed 100 mm for internal work. Note! If the structure is used for a long time, it is necessary to provide ditches to drain rainwater from the site so that the soil does not wash out from under the racks of the device.
Scaffolding consists of the following elements:

• racks;
• diagonal and horizontal struts, giving the structure spatial strength;
• flooring lintels;
• stops designed to ensure the stability of the structure and prevent it from falling;
• flooring made of boards where a person will stand;
• a fencing element to protect the worker from falling down;
• stepladders or ladders to climb to the required level.

The scaffolding structure must support the weight of workers and materials.
The width of the flooring must be at least 1.5 m. The height between tiers should be at least 1.8 m. Gaps no more than 10 mm wide are allowed between the boards and boards. If a continuous flooring is being created, the boards can be overlapped along the length, having first beveled the ends of the elements.

Note! When performing external renovation and construction work, it is recommended to use a façade mesh for scaffolding, which will prevent workers, materials and tools from falling. It will also provide protection for the finish from the sun, dust, gusts of wind and precipitation.

Depending on the composition of the functional elements and the option of their fastening, all scaffolding is divided into four types: wedge, clamp, frame and pin. The structures are attached, rack-mounted and collapsible. The exception is scaffolding, where frames are used instead of vertical posts. There are also hanging devices that can not only be installed on the ground, but also attached to the building. These include clamp, cup and wedge scaffolding.

Types of scaffolding construction.

Wood jack

It is used in situations where it is not possible to place the scaffold on a flat platform. Stabilizer jacks level the structure relative to the zero support point. The jacks are easy to use, the mechanisms are reliable and durable.

Types of scaffolding: what material are scaffoldings made from?

Types of scaffolding - the photos clearly show the different options - can be wooden, galvanized, steel and aluminum. The last option is the lightest and most mobile; it is advisable to use it for interior or exterior work at low heights. Steel structures that are easily repaired are considered the strongest and most durable, which cannot be said about aluminum scaffolding. Galvanized products are also durable. Their main advantage is resistance to corrosion, so this is the best option for outdoor work, where they can stand for a long time in unfavorable weather conditions.

The price of scaffolding made of steel and galvanized steel will be much higher than that of analogues made of other materials. In addition, such structures are the heaviest, which complicates their transportation. However, such forests can support not only people, but also the necessary tools and materials. Therefore, steel and galvanized structures are most often used for large-scale construction and installation work.

Today, metal structures from the Dmitrov Scaffolding Plant are very popular. The products are characterized by high strength, reliability, durability and reasonable cost.

Metal scaffolding structures are the most popular today.

In addition to metal scaffolding, wooden products are often used, which are simple and economical to make. You can easily make them yourself from scrap materials. However, this design is more cumbersome. Despite the fact that it is collapsible, like other analogues, the boards, due to the fact that they will be dirty and damaged by nails, can hardly be used for other events. This product is designed to perform work at a maximum level of the second floor.

Advantages and disadvantages of wood for scaffolding

We analyze the features of wood and compare it with metal scaffolding.

pros

• The main advantage is the ease of assembly. To join prefabricated elements, you do not need a welding machine or other professional equipment. No special skills required. Anyone who knows how to use a hammer can handle the job. Mounting a metal base is much more difficult. It takes practice to weld a seam correctly. It is impossible to learn how to use an electrode from photos and video instructions. Renting or purchasing models with screw connections is not always possible.
• You can use ordinary boards and beams as blanks. The tower can be easily constructed from available materials. The only requirement for blanks is their reliability. Often, excess building materials left over after repairs and pallets used during transportation and storage are used.
• Upon completion of the repair work, the frame is disassembled and the parts are used as needed. Steel tubes are more difficult to adapt for household needs.

Minuses

• Greater flexibility compared to metal. Flooring laid on a frame made of profiles or rods will sag underfoot.
• Metal is stronger, so to give the beam base stability and rigidity, you will have to make it more massive.
• One of the disadvantages is the fire hazard. Even after treatment with fire retardants—compositions that impede combustion—the parts maintain a flame.
• All elements are attached to nails and screws, which weaken the edges, so it is not recommended to use the array more than twice.

Types of scaffolding: frame collapsible scaffolding price of products

Frame type scaffolding types are the cheapest and easiest to use option. The structure includes ready-made elements from welded hollow pipes in the form of vertical frames, supports, horizontal and diagonal connections. Due to the fact that a lot of metal is not spent on the manufacture of elements, the design is characterized by light weight, quick installation and disassembly.

Assembly of frame scaffolding is carried out using flag fasteners or clamps. Such designs are used both for interior decoration and for exterior plastering and painting work on buildings with a simple facade. Due to their low weight, scaffolding can be easily changed into sections, as well as moved to another location.

Frame scaffolding - construction.

You can buy one of the types of frame scaffolding: LRSP-30, LRSP-40, LRSP-60 and LRSP-100, where the numerical value indicates the maximum installation height. However, the designs differ not only in dimensions, but also in the diameter of the pipes and the wall thickness of the constituent elements. The first two types are produced with a diameter of 42 mm and a thickness of 1.5 mm, and the other two are 48 and 3 mm, respectively. The price of construction frame scaffolding starts from 125 rubles/m².

The structures can be equipped with wheels, which makes it easy to move the unit on flat ground. The standard dimensions of the product are the following: section height - 2 m, length - 2-3 m, passage width - 1 m. To perform one-time work, you can rent frame scaffolding, the price will be 55 rubles / m².

About choosing fasteners

As for fasteners, they are usually faced with a dilemma - nails or self-tapping screws. For the construction of wooden scaffolding, the best option would still be to use ordinary (smooth-bodied) nails. They are made of “mild” low-carbon steel, due to which they better withstand static and variable loads, which especially often occur on scaffolding. To put it simply, they may bend, but not break.

Self-tapping screws are more convenient. At least from a practicality point of view. They significantly speed up the assembly of the structure, they make it easier to accurately position the fixed parts, while they provide the same quick and easy dismantling of the structure (with minimal damage to the lumber). But given the fact that self-tapping screws are made of hardened steel, and their working fluid has a relatively small diameter, such fasteners are less resistant to shock or variable loads and often break.

To a greater extent, this problem is characteristic of oxidized screws (black) and to a lesser extent – ​​anodized (yellow and white).

When making homemade scaffolding, as a compromise, you can use both types of fasteners: loaded nodes can be fastened with nails, and less critical ones with self-tapping screws. The length of the nails for loaded scaffolding elements is selected in such a way that when hammered, their ends protrude by 2-3 cm. After this, they are bent across the fibers and sunk into the wood.

Installation of scaffolding: sequence of actions

Shoes and wooden spacers are installed on a prepared, compacted, level area. If necessary, screw supports can be placed. Adjacent frames of the first tier are placed in the shoes, followed by their connection with diagonal and horizontal connections. The next two frames with ties are placed in increments of three meters. The process is carried out until the lightweight frame scaffolding of the required length is created. Fencing frames are installed along the edges of the structure, followed by the installation of stairs.

Note! The supporting surfaces must be located strictly in a horizontal plane.

Assembly of clamp-type scaffolding.

Next, they begin to install the second tier, which is also connected by ties, but the diagonal elements are staggered relative to the previous row. Here you can use crossbars on which wooden flooring is laid. To move people between tiers, inclined stairs are installed in areas designated for hatches.

Frame scaffolding is attached to the wall in a checkerboard pattern in 4 m increments using hooks with bushings or plugs with clamps or brackets attached to the scaffold frame posts. The above actions are carried out until the required installation height is reached. On the safety and working tier there are longitudinal and end connections of the fences, which are mounted in a place where there are no diagonal ties. Scaffolding is installed vertically. Dismantling of dismountable scaffolding is carried out in the reverse order, starting from the top row.

Pin

This type of scaffolding, like all others, has its own distinctive feature - the large thickness of the walls of the elements and, as a result, the high weight of the entire structure. It can be used for both finishing work and brickwork.

The most important characteristic when purchasing scaffolding is the maximum surface load on the working surface, which, for this equipment, is 250 kg/m2, this is slightly more than the load on frames, but thanks to the proper distribution of loads, which can be viewed in the Passport, this is enough to to install a pallet of sand-lime bricks, a box of mortar and a worker with tools on the work site.

Let us describe the advantages of pin scaffolding

• high surface load, which, coupled with proper placement of the material, allows the equipment to be used even for brickwork;
• due to their high weight and the presence of additional elements, the scaffolds have increased stability;
• simplicity - the entire structure is assembled from racks, crossbars and links, which are equipped with pins and can be easily assembled even by inexperienced workers.

These woods do have disadvantages, and the biggest one is the price. Since the pipes have a wall thickness of 2.5-3 mm, the structure has a lot of weight, and this also adds up to the cost.

As a result, due to the large weight, it becomes necessary to order a machine with a higher load capacity than, for example, for frame or wedge structures.

The next drawback is the impossibility of using them for repairing buildings of complex shapes; these scaffolding can only be installed strictly in a straight line, along the facade.

Types of scaffolding: mobile scaffolding on wheels

The most profitable option for making quick repairs is tour scaffolding, which is considered a type of frame installation. The design is characterized by strength and ease of assembly. The mobility of the installation is ensured by wheels located at the base of the vertical supports. A significant advantage of the tower tower is the presence of a jack in the design of the device. The height of the product does not exceed 20 m. The load capacity of the installation is 300 kg/m².

For small-scale repair work, a very convenient option is mobile scaffolding.

The structure is made primarily of aluminum, which makes it light and easy to move. Less commonly, you can find steel tours that have high strength and reliability, but are characterized by reduced mobility due to their heavy weight.

Tower towers are actively used in the installation of air conditioners, lighting, video surveillance, banners, billboards, cornices, finishing walls and balconies, repairing gutters and roofs. There are two types of design: non-removable telescopic and collapsible. In the first option, a special mechanism is provided, thanks to which the tour extends to the required height. This type is used indoors.

For external finishing or repair work, collapsible towers are used, which have a more complex structure with supports and diagonal braces. Each subsequent section is built into the supports of the lower module on bushings, resulting in a dimensional structure. With an installation height of 1.3 m, the structure is equipped with railings and sides. Today you can rent a tower or buy scaffolding, the price of which is in the range of 150-200 rubles/m².

Mobile scaffolding allows you to install it in any convenient place.

Types of scaffolding on wheels should be used in cases where the installation location will need to be changed frequently. Special brake screws are used to secure the structure in place.

What's better?

The first question that a home owner has during construction or renovation concerns the choice of material for the structure. Of course, it’s hard to argue with the fact that metal is always a favorite. However, what is captivating about wood is its flexibility, the ability to make do with simple tools that are in any “gentleman’s kit” - a hammer, drill, saw and screwdriver.

Metal in this case is much more complex. To get the most durable structure, you need a welding machine and skills to work with it.

Such a structure will have to be stored somewhere; it will require quite a lot of space. Of course, high-quality scaffolding can be rented out, but it is unlikely that many owners will be impressed by the possibility of such income. It is for these reasons that preference is often given to traditional wood, a material that is light in every sense.

Another important point when choosing a material is economic feasibility. Many people believe that it is logical to give preference to metal only in one case: if it can be “obtained” for free. If you add to the price of hardware the cost of fastening elements, as well as welding work, then homemade scaffolding will cost more than factory scaffolding. At least purchased wooden products.

Now a few words about wood, which should not have serious defects. The ideal material is considered to be spruce boards, characterized by minimal weight and the same number of knots. However, they are not always available on the farm, which cannot be said about pine. This is a second potential candidate, but it needs to be tested first.

To test, elements 2-2.5 m long are placed on low brick pillars, then stand on the middle of the board and jump several times. If the board withstands such experiments without problems, then it can be safely used for the manufacture of scaffolding.

Clamp type of scaffolding: design features

This type of scaffolding is the most labor-intensive to assemble, since each connection of vertical supports with horizontal, diagonal and transverse connections is carried out using special clamps, which are tightened with a wrench. Fasteners can be blind or rotary. Depending on this, the connection of the racks can be made at right angles or at any angle, respectively. Due to the fact that the installation of the structure requires a large number of fasteners, clamp scaffolding is the most expensive.

Note! When assembling the structure, you can combine clamps, which will allow you to create an installation of the desired configuration.

Thanks to the presence of diagonal connections, the structure is durable, reliable and stable. However, this is the most difficult scaffolding option to install and dismantle.

The peculiarity of clamp scaffolding is that they can have any configuration.

The main advantages of the design are the ability to manufacture an installation of any shape and the feasibility of combining it with another version of the auxiliary rack-mount metal structure. Such a structure is mounted along the perimeter of a building of any configuration, even if there are protruding elements. The device can be used for inclined structures.

Manufacturers produce various options for clamp-type scaffolding, differing in the maximum installation height, which can range from 30 to 80 m. The standard scaffolding width is 1-1.5 m, tier pitch is 2-2.5 m. These parameters vary depending on structure configurations. The maximum load on the structure is 150-250 kg/m. The unit can be purchased or rented. The price of scaffolding starts from 250 rubles/m2. Rent will cost 80 rubles. per m2.

Note! Clamp scaffolding is recommended to be used to create stages and stands.

Buy or rent?

Any type of inventory scaffolding and scaffolding can be purchased and stored disassembled for future repairs or home maintenance - moreover, these do not have to be new products, used ones are also quite suitable. Or you can rent them from one of the many companies that rent out a wide variety of equipment, tools, and scaffolding, among others. Rental conditions in different companies will certainly differ, but, as a rule, its minimum period is 1 month, in addition, a deposit of 30% of the cost of the product is required. Delivery to the site and installation and dismantling of scaffolding is carried out by the tenant, however, for a fee, this can be undertaken by the company’s specialists.

As for the rental cost, it depends on many factors - from the depreciation rate to the time of year. For a general idea of ​​prices, let’s give the following example: when purchased, frame scaffolding will cost approximately 300 rubles/m² (new) or 235 rubles/m² (used), and for their monthly arena you will have to pay from 50 to 100 rubles. /m². The rental cost of clamp scaffolding is from 200 rubles/m², wedge scaffolding is from 150 rubles/m², pin scaffolding is from 120 rubles/m² (the sales price of new scaffolding is 700 rubles/m², used scaffolding is 560 rubles/m²). And, say, tower tours costing about 8–13 thousand rubles. rented for 230–300 rubles. per day.

Types of scaffolding: wedge mobile scaffolding

This design is created from functional elements using a special wedge fixation. Pipes with flanges are used as vertical components, and pipes with holders are used as horizontal components. To make the unit mobile, it is recommended to equip it with special wheels. Such scaffolding is characterized by strength and reliability. When installing the installation, you can change the direction angle of the connecting elements, thereby creating multi-level structures of various configurations.

Connecting unit for wedge scaffolding.

Manufacturers produce wedge types of scaffolding with dimensions: section height – 2 m, length – 2-3 m, passage width – 1-3 m. The structure can have a height of 60 and 100 m. The installation can withstand a large load of up to 500 kg/m², therefore The device is used during the construction of complex objects when heavy components and materials are lifted.

Note! To ensure the safety of people who may be near the construction site, it is recommended to purchase scaffolding mesh designed to fence the facade of the building.

Scaffolding is easy to use, but requires labor-intensive installation. The design is characterized by versatility, due to which it can be used not only in the construction of buildings, but also in the construction of stages, stands, canopies, and overpasses. This is an indispensable installation in shipbuilding and aircraft construction. The cost of the structure starts from 425 rubles/m². You can rent scaffolding for 85 rubles/m².

"Pros and cons"

• Firstly, scaffolding is not a small scaffolding, but a rather bulky structure that will need to be stored somewhere after the need for it disappears.

Wooden scaffolding, of course, can be disassembled later, but the work is labor-intensive, and the boards, if you don’t need them in the near future, also need to be stored somewhere. Do not forget that wooden scaffolding is assembled using nails, not screws, so the boards will no longer be completely intact. In addition, when working on scaffolding, the wood often gets dirty with mortar or paint.

• Secondly, non-prefabricated scaffolding is designed to work maximum at the second floor level (from the ground). At higher altitudes, the operation of self-made scaffolding becomes dangerous.
• Thirdly, scaffolding is required quite rarely (only for repairing the facade of a building), so the assembly and disassembly of such a temporary structure is not profitable in terms of the time spent on this work.
• Fourthly , scaffolding often has to be made long (for example, at least 6 meters for installing siding). Accordingly, their weight increases, and moving homemade wooden scaffolding to the other side of the house becomes a problem even for three or four people.

Pin Type Collapsible Metal Scaffolding

Such structures are very popular on construction sites due to their easy and quick installation and disassembly of the installation. As a connection point in scaffolding, pins are used, which are located on load-bearing supports. They are connected to the holes in the pipes of the connecting elements. The installations are characterized by strength, reliability, rigidity, stability, wear resistance and durability. They can be used repeatedly, easily transported from place to place in disassembled form.

Assembly diagram of pin-type scaffolding.

Due to its high load-bearing capacity, the structure can withstand a significant amount of heavy building materials. Such scaffolding is used in areas with complex terrain and during construction and installation work on structures with a curved configuration. The disadvantages of the design include the large weight of the installation, which is associated with a significant amount of metal.

Today, pin-type scaffolding is sold in the following varieties:

• LSh-50 – up to 50 m high, sectional height 2 m, length 1.5-3 m, passage width 1-2 m;
• LSPSH-2000-4 – height 40 m, passage width 1.6 m, section height 2 m, length 2.5 m;
• E-507 – height 60 m, passage width 1.6 m, length and height of sections 2 m.

You can buy the structure from 519 rubles/m². Also, some companies offer to rent the installation. The price of m² of scaffolding is 90 rubles/m².

The process of assembling scaffolds

1. To install lightweight wooden scaffolding with your own hands, you will need the same set of tools. We will use beams 5x15 cm and boards 3-4 cm thick as materials. We fasten all elements with nails. If necessary, the scaffolding reaches the third floor, but it will not be possible to create a second tier. They do not need a flat, dry area, since the main part of the structure is in a “suspended state.”
2. We knock together supports from two elements 1 m long. To do this, we place them at right angles, fix them and mount them on the wall. The vertical one is directed downward, the horizontal one is directed to the side. Together they form the base for the decking. They are placed in increments of 1-2 m. Jib beams are inserted into the corner - diagonal beams, the bottom side resting on the ground. The bottom is fixed by driving a stake into the ground, the top is nailed down or tied with wire.
3. The space between the sides of the corner is boarded up with shields on both sides. They serve as stiffening ribs and additional fastening for the diagonal holder. A shield is placed on top.

One section can support a person's weight. To prevent the racks from moving to the side, install side holders or nail the diagonals together with additional jumpers. One way is to hang the base with long anchors that can support heavy loads. It is possible that the holes from them will have to be sealed with cement mortar.

How to make wooden scaffolding with your own hands

If you want to save money and have wooden materials at hand, then you can create the structure yourself. Before you make scaffolding with your own hands, you should study the requirements for the product so that it is durable and reliable.

If necessary, scaffolding can be constructed from available boards.

The distance between vertical posts should not be more than 2.5 m. The installation height reaches 6 m. The width of the flooring can be any, but not less than 1 m. It is important that not only a person can fit on it, but also the tools and materials necessary for work .

For supports and racks, wooden beams with a cross-section of 100x100 mm and boards - 50x100 mm should be used. The thickness of the products for spacers should not be less than 30 mm, and the thickness of the flooring - 50 mm. For stiffeners you will need products with a thickness of 25 mm. Thin boards can be used as fencing elements. To create a reliable structure, it is necessary to use only construction nails. Self-tapping screws are not capable of creating a reliable connection.

Note! When installing wooden scaffolding, care should be taken to ensure easy disassembly. For this purpose, it is not recommended to hammer the nails in completely, and you can also use a wooden spacer between the structure element and the head.

After the installation package has been prepared, we begin to assemble it. Work begins with large functional elements. Two beams are laid on a horizontal surface at a distance along the length of the structure so that the tops of the elements converge slightly, which will add stability to the installation. For example, if the distance between the lower ends is 3 m, then between the upper ends there should be no more than 2.6 m. Sidewalls are attached to the inside of the supports, which are the basis for the decking. A similar operation is performed with two other bars.

Do-it-yourself wooden scaffolding assembly diagram.

Note! The side cross members must be of different lengths to result in a pyramidal structure.

The sides are positioned vertically and tilt towards each other to provide stability. The position is fixed with long transverse nails. To prevent the scaffolding from falling onto the wall of the structure, it is recommended to make the crossbars with an allowance of 20-30 cm.

The racks are installed at a distance of 2-2.5 m, which depends on the thickness of the boards used for flooring. The elements are attached to each other using bevels, thanks to which the structure will not fold to the side. The more jibs and cross members, the stronger and more reliable the scaffolding is made with your own hands. If the height of the structure is more than 3 m, it must be additionally secured to prevent it from falling forward. To do this, they install jibs, which, on the one hand, are nailed to the beams, and on the other, they are buried in the ground.

The final stage is the installation of the flooring to the cross beams. It is also possible to additionally install fences above each platform to increase safety. If cross beams are added to the side elements, a staircase is formed. To give the structure stability, the ends of the supports should be sharpened and buried in the ground.

Scaffolding of any type and design must be installed on a firm and level area.

Overview of components

To assemble a reliable, stable and strong structure, the master must have a certain supply of components from which the scaffolding will subsequently be made. Let's take a closer look at exactly what elements will be needed to carry out such work.

To ensure that workers, construction materials and tools are protected from falls from scaffolding, a strong façade mesh is stretched from the front side. If a hammer unexpectedly falls into the gap between the mesh cloth and the horizontally exposed pipe, it will not be able to harm anyone.

Mesh fabric also effectively protects from the aggressive effects of sunlight, rain, and snow. It is much more comfortable and easier to work with such an element than without it. A significant drawback of the mesh is that it certainly begins to accumulate and trap dust. When grinding the surface of the façade or when working with toxic components, it is better to remove the mesh and use respirators for additional protection.

7.2.3. Collapsible metal scaffolding must have reliable connections at extendable joints.

7.2. Use of scaffolding and scaffolding

7.2.1. Scaffolding and scaffolding must comply with the requirements of SNiP 111-4 “ Safety in construction ”, GOST 24258, GOST 27321, GOST 27331 and GOST 28012.

7.2.2. Scaffolding and scaffolding can be wooden or metal collapsible. Wooden scaffolding and construction scaffolding must be made from dry wood of coniferous and hardwood species not lower than the second grade in accordance with GOST 8486, GOST 9463, GOST 9462 and GOST 2695. Metal scaffolding must be made from straight metal pipes with dents, cracks and other defects that violate strength of elements.

7.2.3. Collapsible metal scaffolding must have reliable connections at extendable joints.

7.2.4. Scaffolding must be secured only with metal fastening elements (bolts, strings, clamps, brackets, etc.).

7.2.5. To ensure stability, scaffold racks along the entire height must be secured to strong parts of the building (structure) or to the structure. The locations and methods of securing the racks must be indicated in the scaffolding design.

7.2.6. Scaffolding and scaffolding must be attached to stable as well as non-protruding parts of the building or structure. Scaffolding may be installed on structural elements after confirmation by calculation of the strength of these elements. If it is necessary to construct scaffolding and scaffolding near hot surfaces or elements of equipment, the wooden parts of the scaffolding must be protected from fire.

7.2.9. Supports and suspensions of scaffolding decks must be designed with a sufficient margin of safety, providing for the presence on them of the maximum possible number of workers performing work at height, as well as building materials, containers and garbage.

7.2.15. To lift loads onto scaffolds, they must be equipped, in accordance with the PPR, with securely fastened blocks, jibs and other means of small-scale mechanization. Openings for moving cargo must have four-sided barriers.

7.2.16. Near driveways, scaffolding must be installed at a distance of at least 0.6 m from the vehicle dimensions.

7.2.19. In repair and maintenance organizations, during the operation of scaffolds, they must be inspected daily by the work manager, under whose leadership the workers will perform work from these scaffolds. In construction and installation organizations, scaffolding must be inspected by: - ​​the contractor - daily before the start of work; - foreman or foreman - at least once every 10 days. The results of the inspection of scaffolding must be recorded in the “Record of acceptance and inspection of scaffolding and scaffolding” in the form given in Appendix 6 to these Rules.

7.2.20. Scaffolds from which no work has been carried out for a month or more must be put back into operation before work can be resumed. Scaffolds located in the open air are subject to additional inspection - after rain or thaw, which can affect the bearing capacity of the foundation under these scaffolds, as well as after mechanical impacts. If deformations of the scaffolding are detected, it is necessary to repair and re-commission in accordance with the requirements of paragraphs

7.2.17 and 7.2.18 of these Rules.

7.2.21. Floors and stairs of scaffolding and scaffolding must be periodically cleared of debris during work, as well as daily after completion, in winter - from snow and ice, and, if necessary, sprinkled with sand.

7.2.22. Scaffolding and scaffolding from which work is temporarily not carried out must be maintained in good condition.

7.2.23. It is prohibited to carry out work from random supports (boxes, barrels, etc.), as well as from trusses, rafters, etc. If it is necessary to perform short-term work at a height of 1.3 m or more from the floor level (working platform) without scaffolding, it is mandatory Safety belts must be used that meet the requirements of paragraph 7.2.47 of these Rules. Workers who are required to perform these works must be instructed how and where to climb, where to secure the safety belts with carabiners, etc.

7.2.24. It is not allowed to rotate the crane boom simultaneously with lifting (lowering) the load near the scaffolding - to prevent the danger of striking the scaffolding with the load suspended from the crane hook. It is necessary to lift the load from the flooring and lower it at a minimum speed, smoothly, without jolts.

7.2.25. Scaffolding must be assembled and disassembled in compliance with the sequence provided for by the work plan or technological documentation containing the requirements for ensuring safe working conditions. Workers performing these works must be instructed on the sequence of work and safety measures. There should be no unauthorized persons in the area where scaffolding and scaffolding are installed or dismantled.

7.2.26. During the installation or dismantling of these scaffolds, electrical wires located closer than 5 m from the scaffolding must be either de-energized and grounded, or enclosed in a box, or dismantled.

7.2.28. The gap between the wall of the building or equipment and the working floor of the scaffolding installed near it should not exceed: 50 mm - when doing masonry; 150 mm - when performing finishing work. When performing thermal insulation work, the gap between the working flooring and the insulated surface should not exceed twice the thickness of the insulation plus 50 mm. Gaps exceeding 50 mm must be closed whenever work is not being carried out.

7.2.29. Suspended scaffolding must be attached to strong parts of the building (structure) or structure to prevent swinging.

7.2.30. Laying flooring on the fingers of suspended scaffolding and using it is allowed only after the elements to which the scaffolding is suspended have been firmly secured.

7.2.31. Hooks, clamps and fingers of suspended scaffolding must be secured to the structural elements being mounted or repaired before they are lifted. Hooks for hanging scaffolding must be tested in advance for at least 15 minutes with a static load 2 times higher than the working load. The test results must be documented in an appropriate document.

7.2.32. For mobile scaffolding (as well as for cradles), a steel rope with a safety factor of at least nine times should be used as a load. The number of rope fastening clamps should be determined by calculation, but there should be at least three. The catcher rope in case of emergency operation of the catcher in the event of a break in the cargo rope must have a safety factor for maximum dynamic force of at least 3.

7.2.33. The decks of suspended scaffolding must be fenced on the outer and end sides in accordance with the requirements of paragraph

7.2.12 of these Rules. Communication between tiers of suspended scaffolds must be carried out via rigidly fixed ladders.

7.2.34. To lift and lower mobile scaffolds and cradles, winches must be used that meet the requirements of DNAOP 0.00-1.03-93 “Rules for the design and safe operation of load-lifting cranes” and subsection 6.2. of these Rules.

7.2.35. Cables (ropes) in places where they are connected to cradles or mobile scaffolding and to the winch drum must be firmly secured. When lifting and lowering cradles and mobile scaffolds, the cables must move freely. Friction of cables against protruding structures is not allowed. Cradles and mobile scaffolds from which work is not performed must be lowered to the ground.

7.2.36. Winches used for raising and lowering cradles of mobile scaffolding must be strengthened on the foundation or equipped with ballast to ensure their stability under double working load. The ballast must be firmly attached to the winch frame.

7.2.38. Every day before starting work, it is necessary to check the condition of cradles, mobile scaffolding and ropes and carry out a test to simulate a break in the working rope. The maximum fall height of cradles and mobile scaffolding before they are stopped by catchers should not exceed 0.15 m.

7.2.39. , each assembly of metal structures of supporting, suspended and mobile scaffolding and cradles must undergo inspection and testing, based on the results of which it is necessary to draw up an acceptance certificate. After this, a control assembly of the scaffolding must be carried out, which is additionally checked and tested.

7.2.45. When moving mobile scaffolds, there should be no workers on them, and there should also be no materials, containers or garbage.

7.2.46. During breaks in work, the mobile scaffold must be lowered.

7.2.47. When performing work at height, safety belts and safety ropes must be used.

4. Hinged panel

Scaffolding: purpose and types

These accessories are well suited for any interior work: construction, finishing, repair. They are convenient for laying interior partitions, plastering, puttying, and painting surfaces. The main elements of the structures are metal supports (made of steel or high-strength light alloys) and flooring, on which people and all the necessary tools and materials can be freely placed. There are several types of structures.

1. Inventory portable

They are distinguished by their small, stable dimensions and low weight. They are not subject to assembly or disassembly, they are used in finished form. They have a variety of configurations, but most often resemble stairs or cabinets. They have proven themselves well in narrow, uncomfortable spaces (bathrooms and toilet rooms, on staircases).

2. Batch universal

Another name for this modification is mason’s scaffolding. They consist of rectangular racks and a wooden platform that can be fixed at different heights. Its limit values ​​are indicated in the technical documentation. The structures are indispensable when constructing brick or block houses. They are in demand in private and urban housing construction. Convenient to use and transport, they help improve the efficiency of the repair and construction process.

3. Panel

They are characterized by versatility and high load-carrying capacity. Equipped with a retractable support in the form of a panel. Makes it possible to raise the working platform by 1-2 meters.

4. Hinged panel

This type of scaffolding resembles the 2 previous models. The main difference lies in the structure of the supports. They can consist of a pair of parallel trusses or have the shape of triangles. The hinged connection between the decking and the support posts makes it possible to place the latter in the desired plane. Vertical or horizontal position is achieved using a lifting system.

5. Collapsible mobile

Suitable for construction and renovation inside and outside buildings at low heights. The main advantages are lightness (made of aluminum parts) and maneuverability (equipped with wheels). The platform can be fixed at the required level; some modifications can be transformed into a stepladder. In addition, they are easily assembled and disassembled directly on site and do not cause any hassle during transportation.

Scaffolding: assembly features

This is external auxiliary equipment for the construction and repair of houses of any height and configuration. There are the following groups of forests.

• Tubular boltless

First, two rows of racks are formed. In this case, the pipes are inserted into the shoes. Then the crossbars are attached, at the ends of which there are wrapped rods. To do this, they are simply “dressed” in tubes welded to the supports. The final stage of installation is laying the boardwalk and installing the fence. All other tiers are built up in the same way.

• Tubular bolted

They differ from the previous ones in the technology of fastening the mullion-transom frame. In this case, bolted clamp connections are used. This assembly method takes more time and effort, but allows you to create scaffolding for facades of the most complex shapes.

They are separate, completely ready-to-use installations. Each of them consists of a horizontal panel mounted on a tower-type support. Used for the same type of work at the same height. It is installed into the working position by a crane.

To buy scaffolding, you should contact a specialized organization. Our employees will advise you on issues of interest and select the best design option that will suit all requirements.

As for volume, it is measured, of course, in square meters. However, the very concept of “price per square meter” is more relative. It all depends on the design itself. Completely different installations can have the same area. However, the number of constituent elements may vary greatly. Naturally, the cost of one square meter will also be different. If the forests are quite large, then the price difference can be very significant.

Types of scaffolding: scaffolding and trestles

Attached scaffolding is used for simple finishing work where lightweight materials are used. Wooden structures lean against the surface of the building wall and are held in place by a stop. Despite the fact that the installation looks unreliable, it is convenient and safe to work on it. There are two versions of the attached scaffolding: traditional and Armenian. The first installation is simple and reliable, but it is not height adjustable. It can be used for filing roof overhangs, installing gutters and other work that is characterized by a slight variation in height.

Armenian scaffolding is made from a minimum amount of materials and is easily and quickly assembled, moved and disassembled. The main thing is to make triangles, raise them to a given height, place them in 3 m increments and support them with inclined beams that are fixed in the ground.

For exterior finishing of one-story buildings and for work on gables, construction trestles are used, where the flooring is laid on wooden crossbars. Installations are also used in cases where nothing can be supported on the walls. The design is non-bulky and lightweight, it can be moved to the desired location.

A structure such as a construction trestle is used for work at low heights.

The construction goat is a four-legged wooden structure, shaped like the letter “A”, the height of which reaches the height of the master. The number of spacers can be arbitrary. Conventional canopies are used to connect the upper ends of the supports. The legs are fixed with stops. On one side the stand can be made vertically, without tilting. This will allow you to install the structure closer to the wall, which is convenient when painting, caulking or preventative treatment.

Thanks to the many types of scaffolding, it is possible to select the structure necessary to perform specific work. When choosing a product, it is important to take into account not only its cost, but also the terrain, the surface to be treated, and the timing of the work. Based on this information, it is easy to choose your type of design for each case.

Manufacturing process

Initially, you should put together the correct frame with your own hands. In most cases, it is more rational to use attached scaffolding, which will require less lumber. In order to correctly make home-made structures, which you can then simply attach to the wall, you should adhere to installation technology that will help you assemble wooden scaffolding yourself.

In order to build a reliable structure where you can work safely on the extension for finishing work, you must adhere to a certain scheme.

Frame

Before starting work on assembling the frame, the site should be leveled and, if necessary, drained so that the finished structure does not wobble during work. On a flat area it is easier to install vertical frame posts, under which you do not have to place bricks and cuttings of boards.

The first to install are 4 vertical posts, for which timber measuring 10x10 cm or thick boards 4-5 cm wide are used. The drains are cut to height and fastened together using horizontal bars or short boards. First you need to assemble the sides of the frame on the ground, after which they are lifted and fastened with parallel elements. Racks for the frame, for better stability, are better made in a trapezoidal shape. For example, the lower strut of one sidewall can be made 1.2 meters long, and the upper one 1 m long.

• When assembling the sides of the frame on the ground, it is better to work together. If the frame assembly is carried out by one person, then first you need to strengthen the internal spacer on the wall.
• There should be several paired racks. They are a support for the flooring, which diverges in different directions. The stand can be single. In this case, its length should not be more than 4 meters.
• To make the structure stable, you need to make diagonal struts on each side of it, which will act as stiffeners and prevent the scaffold from swinging.

Flooring

When the scaffolding frame has been assembled, you can begin installing the panel flooring, which is made from boards 4-5 cm thick. When laying the flooring, you should remember that there should not be large gaps between the boards. The length of one span of flooring should not exceed 3-4 meters if the thickness of the boards is 4-5 cm. For thinner boards the length should be no more than 2 meters.

Hatches and ladders

To climb to the upper tiers, you will need to make a ladder with steps measuring 5x5 cm. The interval between the steps is selected individually for the person who will work on such a ladder.

If the scaffolding is two-tiered, then you need to make a hatch to climb to the second floor. It is usually done from the side. A hatch in the center will interfere with work. A ladder is nailed to the hatch, which will be used to climb to the second floor of the scaffolding.

Attached scaffolds

This element helps to lift containers with working compounds to the upper tier and for the finishers themselves to climb. It is also assembled from boards independently. The scaffolding rests against the ground at one end and against the wall at the other. Most often, frame or attached structures are used, which are considered the most reliable. They are based not on a frame, but on a frame, which increases their strength and ensures safe movement on the stage.

For their manufacture, a beam measuring 5x15 cm and a board 3-4 cm thick are used. All wooden parts are fastened with nails.

A support is made from two boards 1 m long. One element is mounted vertically and looks down, the second to the side. The parts are connected at right angles. The flooring is laid on this base in increments of 1-2 cm. Then, to strengthen the structure, jibs made of diagonal beams are attached to the formed corner. Their underside should rest against the ground. To fix the lower part of the scaffold, a stake is driven into the lower part. Its upper part is nailed to the base.

In the space created by the sides of the corner, panels are placed on each side, which will ensure the rigidity of the structure. Flooring is placed on top.

The construction of wooden scaffolding takes little time if you follow the proposed scheme. The better and more reliable the structures, the faster the finishing work will be carried out. The safety of those who have to work at height directly depends on scaffolding. When carrying out construction or repair work in low-rise buildings, you cannot do without such structures. Therefore, you need to know how to quickly and correctly assemble such a structure from boards on your own.

Classification of auxiliary structures

A general division of scaffolding involves offering two large groups of devices on the market, their main feature is the material of manufacture, it can be wood or metal, in turn there are several types of metal devices:

Crossbars. Massive, metal-intensive devices, characterized by increased reliability and stability combined with the ability to withstand heavy loads. When folded, they are quite compact, which makes them convenient for transportation and storage.

For private use in the process of carrying out independent construction and repair activities, frame scaffolding is used, which is characterized by ease of assembly and ease of operation, saving free space during storage.

Specifications

laid on scaffolding (worker + safety)
Frame scaffolding LRS MEGA-20 is a tubular attached frame-type scaffolding, they are used for installation and construction, repair and finishing, reconstruction and masonry work, usually they are carried out on the facades of buildings, but due to the ease of assembly , are very often used in interior spaces. The maximum height of these forests is 20 meters. All metal elements of Mega scaffolding are protected from corrosive processes, thereby increasing the service life of our construction equipment. For additional safety of workers and increased load-bearing capacity, the Mega scaffolding kit includes mounting brackets that are attached to the building facade along the entire required height.

Clamp

The pipes are secured using rigid clamps. This provides design variability, so this type of scaffolding is perfect for architecturally complex buildings.

This design, due to its structure, can reach a height of up to 80 meters.

Scheme

The diagrams will help you design your own scaffolding:

The mobile tower is a spatial tower-type structure made of flat frames with three steps.

Parallel frames are installed in the dumbbell pipes and form a section. To ensure the rigidity of the structure itself, the sections are connected to each other with ties, which are attached to dumbbell locks. The lower sections are installed on two bases, which are connected to each other by a volumetric diagonal.

The bases have four screw supports and four wheels. Wheels are used to move the tower. Screw supports compensate for unevenness of the supporting surface. The tower must be installed using screw supports so that the wheels do not touch the supporting surface by 2 mm.

The tower has a set of decking, which consists of two types - solid and with a hatch.

To ensure stability, the tower can be equipped with stabilizers, which are attached with clamps to the main structure of the tower.

The tower must be installed strictly vertically using screw supports. The deck of the tower must have a flat surface.

The tower can be equipped with stabilizers to ensure its greatest stability. If there is a danger of overturning due to wind load or other factors, the tower must be strengthened to the building with guy wires as close to the top tier as possible. It is necessary to comply with the requirements of SNiP Sh-4-80 “Safety in Construction” and GOST 24258-88.

Option 1.

1. Frame drawing (the flag lock is shown on the leader). 2. Drawing of the fence frame.

3. Horizontal connection drawing. 4. Drawing of a diagonal connection.

5. Drawing of the base (main overall dimensions).

6. Drawing of a flooring with a hatch. and 7. Drawing of the deck without hatch.

8. Drawing of the stabilizer support.

9. Drawing of the anchor plug and bracket (supplied as a kit starting from a height of 14 meters).

Option 2.

Such a tower has a resource many times less than any other. Also, the disadvantages of an inflatable tower include: easy trauma, it is easy to pierce, very high price. The only reason to use such a tower is if there are no options to place the tower on the shore or on a pontoon, only on the water in the distance of the shore. And even in this case, you will have to transport clients there, which is not very convenient both for service and for payment.

We will tell you about the simplest and most inexpensive way to make a tower for

. Let us recall the parameters of the tower necessary for good jumps: height 5 meters, platform at least 1 * 1 meter.

You can order a tower at a metal structures factory, but there are also ready-made options, one of them is the Tura tower or PSRV

(mobile dismountable tower).

This tower consists of sections, each section 1.2 meters high. We need 4 sections, then the total height of the tower will be 6.29 meters, and the height to the site will be 5.24 meters. You can also choose the size of the site; in our case, 2 * 1.2 meters is suitable.

We don't need wheels on the base of the tower; we remove them. Blob tower

needs to be concreted on the shore. We make either a concrete platform for each support or a concrete platform for the tower. If you have a pontoon, the PSRV tower can be installed directly on it.

For the tower, you can order ladders inside the sections. Or make a wooden staircase yourself. There are plenty of their drawings on the Internet:

For such a ladder, you should install side supports, and also pay special attention to the steps to avoid injuries. This is what you should end up with:

This is what you should end up with:

As you can see, if you try, you can make a good tower for Blob yourself, which will last you much longer than an inflatable one.

Operational and technical parameters of devices

When choosing, it is necessary to take into account the size of the scaffolding and such operational parameters as wear resistance and structural strength, and the material of their manufacture.

Particular attention should be paid to the assembly method, if these are mobile structures and the ability to quickly install and dismantle them, to organize their storage or transfer to a new workplace.

Screws or nails?

This is another point that needs to be addressed, since the strength of the structure depends on the fastening elements. Naturally, wooden scaffolding is not intended for long-term use. When the work is completed, they are simply dismantled. However, in this case, it is not the ease of dismantling that plays a role, but the reliability of the fasteners.

For the manufacture of wooden structures, it is recommended to use self-tapping screws, but only if it does not involve devices for working at relatively high heights. In this case, nails are preferable. They are made of soft metal, so they may bend, but will not break. Hardened steel self-tapping screws are the worst solution. The best are anodized fasteners, but they are not blameless, as they can also present an unpleasant surprise.

The best solution would be nails. However, there is another way. First, all parts are connected using anodized screws. If after checking no reliability problems are identified, then 2-3 nails are driven into each connection.

In order not to damage the wood, thin boards (slats) are placed under the elements, which can be easily split before the final dismantling of the scaffolding. In this case, protruding nails can be removed without any problems.